Size Exclusion Chromatography Free Essays

Size Exclusion Chromatography Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) is the division procedure dependent on the sub-atomic size of the parts. Size avoidance chromatography is a sort of strategy to isolate distinctive size of particles that put in arrangement. It was first found by two researchers who named Grant Henry Lathe and Colin R Ruthven. We will compose a custom exposition test on Size Exclusion Chromatography or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Them two got the John Scott Award for this astonishing development. There are different applications for Size prohibition chromatography, for example, biochemical perspective and polymer blend. For application in biochemical viewpoint, this method can discover the quaternary structure of cleaned proteins which have moderate trade times, since it very well may be done under local arrangement conditions and safeguard macromolecular communications. The motivation behind why we utilize this procedure for purging is Size prohibition chromatography is a low goals chromatography strategy as it doesn't recognize comparative species well overall. It can likewise test the tertiary structure of protein as it quantifies the hydrodynamic volume, permitting collapsed and unfurled forms of a similar protein to be recognized. Other than utilizing in biochemical examination, it can discover the appropriation of the extents of polymer particles like if a dissolvable is picked and run, we can make an alignment bend to decide the measures of polymer atoms in it. It is smarter to present the portable stage and fixed stage first. Fixed stage is the strong permeable or the pore(SEC) with strong help that permit test across through it while the versatile stage is the example permeate through or along to the fixed stage. In SEC, partition is accomplished by the differential rejection from the pores of the pressing material, of the example molecules(mobile stage) as they go through a bed of permeable particles(stationary stage). For the rule of the SEC, atoms of various sizes can be isolated by this procedure in view of differential time spent inside a strong stage molecule which bars passageway of generally bigger particles, permits some passageway of medium-sized particles, and permits free availability of the littlest atoms. The particles contain pores with tunnels(stationary stage) in which the size can be controlled relying upon the size of molecules(mobile stage) to be isolated. Littler atoms experience a more intricate pathway to leave the molecule than do bigger particles. Since atoms that have an enormous size contrasted with the pore size of the fixed stage have next to no passage into the pores, these bigger measured particles elute first from the section. Medium measured particles are generally enormous contrasted with the pore size of the strong stage and accordingly may discover a few pores wherein they enter and invest some energy. Littler measured particles have more pores that are open to them and in this manner invest more energy inside the pores comparative with bigger estimated atoms. In this manner, littler particles elute last and bigger atoms elute first in SEC. â€Å"Elute† is imply that the transporter of the portable stage or the versatile stage from chromatographic bed rise. For the pore size, which is the significant piece of fixed stage in SEC, strong stage materials utilized in SEC are normally characterized dependent on their capacity to isolate various sizes of proteins. Since size is a troublesome thing to precisely gauge for a huge atom, the strong stage materials are related to a sub-atomic weight territory rather and the weight is compared with size. All mixes with an atomic weight not exactly or equivalent to the lower number in the range will see the whole interior volume of the dabs bringing about no choice and in this way no partition. All mixes with an atomic weight more prominent than or equivalent to the higher number in the range are totally avoided from within a dot and in this manner no partition is accomplished. Particles with loads or sizes between these two boundaries of the range can be isolated. This is the numerical pore size range revealed for every strong stage material utilized in SEC. The pore size utilized for a division is reliant on the size scope of the specific arrangement of particles to be isolated. Littler pore sizes are utilized for quick desalting of proteins or for protein cleaning. Middle of the road pore sizes are utilized to isolate moderately little proteins. Extremely huge pore sizes are utilized for purging of organic buildings. For the factor that influence the SEC, first, the particles in arrangement don't have a fixed size, bringing about the likelihood that a molecule that would some way or another be hampered by a pore passing right by it. Second, the fixed stage particles are not undeniably characterized, the two particles and pores may shift in size. . The fixed stage may likewise communicate in bothersome manners with a molecule and impact maintenance times, however extraordinary consideration is taken by section makers to utilize fixed stages that are dormant and limit this issue. Third, expanding the section length will upgrade the goals, and expanding the segment distance across builds the limit of the segment. Legitimate segment pressing is essential to augment goals: An over-stuffed section can crumple the pores in the dots, bringing about lost goals. An under-stuffed section can lessen the relative surface region of the fixed stage open to littler species, bringing about those species investing less energy caught in pores. Dissimilar to proclivity chromatography procedures, a dissolvable head at the highest point of the section can radically lessen goals as the example diffuses before stacking, widening the downstream elution. The benefits of this technique incorporate great division of enormous atoms from the little particles with a negligible volume of eluate, and that different arrangements can be applied without meddling with the filtration procedure, all while saving the organic movement of the particles to be isolated. Second, the procedure is commonly joined with others that further independent atoms by different qualities, for example, corrosiveness, basicity, charge, and fondness for specific mixes. Third, with size rejection chromatography, there are short and all around characterized division times and limited groups, which lead to great affectability. The SEC is isolated quickly. At that point, there is likewise no example misfortune since solutes don't connect with the fixed stage. The fixed stage doesn’t have any permeable that nteract with the example and complete the response with the example. For the drawback of the this technique , first is the sub-atomic mass that we have to know. The SEC partition is base on the atomic size/weight, similar to the gel electrophoresis. It is required to realize that there are the range for various of the atomic size. On the off chance that the distinction of the atomic size in the versatile stage, it isn't prescribed to utilize this detachment. I n this way, before utilizing the SEC, the sub-atomic size of each example in versatile stage are required to distinguish. Also, the obliged of SEC is constrained. The portable stage can not be too enormous. The time size of the chromatogram is short, and, as a rule, there must be a 10% distinction in atomic mass to have a decent goals Also, the pore size should be resolved, excessively little size or too huge size will prompt the disappointment of the division SEC. On the planet, the chromatography is the detachment of the example base on the polar, size, corrosiveness, basicity, charge, and partiality for certain compounds†¦ Size Exclusion Chromatography is the one of the chromatography that base on the size of the example, which is like the standard of gel electrophoresis. One distinctive point is the fixed stage, which is the section with the pores of the particles. Reference: (http://www. divisions. us. tosohbioscience. com/ServiceSupport/TechSupport/ResourceCenter/PrinciplesofChromatography/SizeExclusion/) (http://www. asdlib. organization/separations_pdfs/Size_Exclusion_Chromatography_Separations_Module-finalversion. pdf) (http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Size-exclusion_chromatography),goldbook Step by step instructions to refer to Size Exclusion Chromatography, Essay models

Transcendentalism in Dead Poets Society Essay Example

Introspective philosophy in Dead Poets Society Essay The film Dead Poet’s Society has an introspective philosophy topic which looks at to numerous writing pieces we have perused up until this point. Numerous thoughts and considerations from Dead Poet’s Society were communicated in writing from artists like Thoreau, Emerson, and Whitman. The film Dead Poet’s Society begins at a traditionalists school where children are educated and learn conventionalist methods of learning. The school says that 75% went to Ivy League schools and superintendent says â€Å"You need to comply with become successful.† The children all stand up simultaneously, and in synchronization, they rehash the school’s code which is â€Å"Discipline, convention, greatness, and honor.† Then they all sit simultaneously also. This model is the machine that is in play like how Thoreau has referenced in sonnets. Thoreau has stated, â€Å"That government is best which oversees least.† The director is the machine causing childr en to follow congruity. Which is introspective philosophy? Neil Perry, the fundamental character of the story, was a pioneer and straight An understudy who was told by his father he would turn into a specialist in the clinical field. Neil pursued a class for taking yearbook pictures, and once his father discovered he promptly advised him to drop the class, and Neil had a go at questioning with him, and his father said â€Å"How dare you!† he gets Neil’s mother as control and Neil rapidly consent to drop the class. This is additionally a case of a machine which would be Neil’s father attempting to cause him to adjust yet in addition another case of introspective philosophy would be Neil being affably defiant by attempting to battle and take that class. We will compose a custom article test on Transcendentalism in Dead Poets Society explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Transcendentalism in Dead Poets Society explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Transcendentalism in Dead Poets Society explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer In the film, the character Knox who is likewise an extraordinary case of common noncompliance he took a stab at seeking after the young lady he loved who was from an open secondary school and had a sweetheart. He got welcome to a gathering, and he kissed her on the temple there and got beat up by the sweetheart this is his psyche free reasoning which is a case of introspective philosophy. Knox considerably in the wake of getting be

How To Use Opinion Essay Samples PDF

How To Use Opinion Essay Samples PDFOpinion essay samples PDF are quite helpful in the paper writing process. It is usually difficult to come up with good thoughts on paper that can be put into words. If you need to be able to express your ideas in a concise manner, you can opt for paper writing which involves the use of essay samples.There are a number of websites that offer essay writing samples, and they can be downloaded from the Internet or purchased as downloadable books and e-books. These essays can be printed or scanned for references. The most common uses of these paper samples include creating paper work and practical exams.Opinion essay samples PDF are used for many projects like presentations, interviews, research papers, and workshops. You can use it as a guide in gathering information or you can use it for the purpose of argumentation. There are quite a number of reasons why people prefer to use these papers over others. Here are some of them.Opinion essay samples PDF a re available in various styles and formats that can be customized to meet your needs. Many people prefer to print them out on colored paper in their favorite color so that they can easily identify what is in the page. In this way, they can get more things accomplished.Opinion essay samples PDF can be combined with pen and paper when you want to compose your paper quickly. By doing this, you can make sure that you include only the most important data on your paper. When you use a word processor to write your essay, you may have to waste a lot of time looking for relevant information.It is a good idea to make your essay readable by other people who read it. This is especially important if you are giving presentations or courses. This makes sure that they can follow the ideas you have presented in your essay.Opinion essay samples PDF can also help you get your presentation finished and published. You can use this paper to see how you can enhance your paper to be used in a class or semi nar. This can also be a way to get feedback on the project that you are working on. This is great if you do not have a team to work with to help you make revisions and changes.It is important to get an opinion essay samples PDF so that you can easily organize your thoughts. You can make your paper more impressive by organizing the information on the page. Even if you do not know how to edit text, you can always just scan the paper for references and then move on to re-writing the part that needs to be edited. Using these papers will help you make better use of your time, and it will also help you to finish the task on time.

Essay on Four Market Structures in Australia - 865 Words

NAME: LKHAGVASUREN KHURELBAATAR ID: EMV 20110 ------------------------------------------------- Individual Essay Four Market Structures in Australia. NAME: LKHAGVASUREN KHURELBAATAR ID: EMV 20110 ------------------------------------------------- Individual Essay Four Market Structures in Australia. Introduction Market structure reflects all the most important aspects of the market - the number of firms in the industry, the type of product produced, the possibility to enter and exit of firms, number of customers, the ability of a single firm to influence the market price. The lower the firms ability to influence the market, the more competitive the industry is considered. In the limiting case where the degree of†¦show more content†¦The main objective of marketing in a monopoly - to control the market and to maintain the uniqueness of the product. Examples of companies in Australia: Telstra, Energy Aus. 2. Oligopoly occurs when a small number of suppliers control a significant share of supplies. In this case, each of the suppliers to take into account the reactions of other suppliers to changes in market activity. Products manufactured oligopoly may be homogeneous, e.g., aluminium or differential such as cigarettes and automobiles. For example, due to the fact that it requires a huge financial cost, very few companies can afford to enter the market of oil refining or production of steel. In some industries, requires a certain level of technical and marketing skills, which is an insurmountable barrier for many potential competitors. Companies on the oligopolistic market try to avoid price wars due to the fact that this approach is costly to all involved in the war. Examples of companies in Australia: Toyota, Ford, British American Tobacco. 3. Monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition occurs when potential competitors of the company are trying to develop a differential marketing strategy in order to capture market share. There are several firms, but different marketing structure, although similar products. For Example: Coles, Wolly, Aldi, IGA they all sellShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Structure of Australia’s Banking Industry1252 Words   |  6 PagesThe structure of Australia’s banking industry is similar to that of an oligopoly, which poses the threat of minimising competition. The structure, performance and conduct of banks are important as they ensure that they act competitively, however in Australia the market is dominated by four major banks threatening competition. The structure in the Australian banking industry is fairly oligopolistic, decreasing the amount of competition evident in the market. 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Management Issues with Communication

Management Issues with Communication Management Issues with Communication There are many issues that any manager and especially a manager involved in a large company has to contend with. Many of these problems arise from different factors which determine how well the company will run. Some of these factors include the effects of the size of the company on the structure which is maintained or is to be maintained by the manager. The type of information system to be used by the company is also almost always a problem considering the huge debate around which method best enables the company to run smoothly. Technology is one major hurdle that the management has to deal with, considering it changes overnight, and yet its need to be used in the management structures cannot be overlooked. There is also the setback brought about by the changes that are occurring in the company or rather the organizational change which might be undertaken might prove to be a problem for the management. This is because an organization is a complex structure which requires that the change is carried out in a particular manner such that the company in question is not negatively affected and the transition is not that bad. These are some of the problems that many managers have to contend with in their profession with many looking for clear ways of solving these issues without a glitch. The aim of this paper will be to address these issues in a step by step mode which will allow us to understand how many of these queries can be dealt with efficiently. We are going to do this by looking at each problem on its own and understanding how the problem comes about and what methods would best suite any manager in solving them. We are also going to look at some examples of how a few companies have dealt with some of these problems such as the problem of internal business communication. Part 1: John Caudwell Case In this case, John Caudwell is the founder of Phones 4 U. He is requested by his retail managers to end the use of internal emails in the company, and after consultations with the staff, he decides to secede the use of internal emails. This is just one case of a company which has decided to end the use of this mode of communication between staff members. The question which comes to mind is why one would want to end this mode of communication, considering it seems to be quite effective in its use. The use of internal emails has several advantages, which is why they are employed in many companies. Such advantages include the fact that information in the company becomes real time and the excuse that one did not read the memo becomes obsolete. The use of instant messaging allows workers to communicate at a much faster rate than without it, since it cuts out the need to send someone physically to others to give a particular message. The use of these messages is also less bothersome to the workers than using these physical methods or even using the telephone, not to mention that at the end of the day, it becomes much cheaper for both the company and the person. Real time emails are less tiresome in comparison with these factors as well, since it cuts the need to move from the work station for anything, which would be an advantage with the increasing of efficiency and the amount of work being covered by a single person. However, the email has also brought with it some controversy within companies where the members send each other emails which latter on prove to be detrimental to their careers. There is also the inception of much easier tools to be used. Some of the companies that have taken down the use of internal emails point to the fact that many of the people in their offices were not using these email method anymore, and were in fact using tools such as instant messaging tools and internet social networks for this purpose. This makes the need for the system in the offices obsolete. There are others who claim that these internal emails may not be serving the main purpose they were meant to. The main reason most companies implemented the use of these emails was to increase productivity through ensuring efficiency which comes with increased communication. This may not be the case as some members use the emails for other factors apart from the ones that they are meant for. This ends up even reducin g the efficiency the internal emails were meant for in the first place. There are several companies which have shocked the business world by banning the use of internal emails at their workplace permanently. One of the most publicized examples is the information technology services company, Atos. The company made good its threat to ban the use of internal emails earlier on in the year by making good this threat and implementing it. This not only brought forward the debate of whether this mode of communication in the office was still relevant or if it had been surpassed by time. Some people were of the thought that this move would be a very bad idea, with some even describing it as stupid. This is due to the challenge that comes with ensuring it is fully implemented. Many have heralded the move by the company boss, Mr. Thierry Breton, as being a game changer, either in the company’s future, or in the future of the email use. Success for this would mean that the use of emails not only in the office would be reduced, but also in the day to day lives of many. Failure on the other hand would mean that the company, which gives technological advice to other companies by the way, cannot live up to its word in the same industry it is expected to give advice on. Its implementation will not be a simple feat considering the company is stretched out to over 42 countries and is involved with high profile companies such as Fiat, Philips and Reuters. Mr. Breton notes several reasons for carrying out this change in the company. First of all, he thinks the implementation of this process will increase the quality of work conditions at the company. The strategy follows the thoughts that most of the people working at the company are younger generation workers who do not require the use of emails. Most of these people conduct the same tasks expected of the emails via instant messaging and social networks. With their use of these different tools, on joining the company, they have to adapt to the use of the new system, which most of them have not worked with before. Mr. Breton also notes that most of his workers were spending a lot of time on these internal emails with very little time on management issues. On conducting a research at their work station on the number of emails the employees were receiving per day, they found out that the average was about 100 emails in a day. On a weekly basis, most of the workers would spend about 15 to 20 hours reading and replying their mails. Another company that has been trying to rid its offices from the use of internal emails is the Notebooks and GottaBeMobile. The company’s story is not very different from the Atos story, with the reasons given by the Atos Company also coming up within this company. The CEO also felt that the use of emails led to too much spam or aimless mails in ones email, factors which led to the increase in time wastage. Both these two companies offer a good example of the changing working environment which requires that the organization keeps in touch with the changing technology for office use. There are several tools that have come up which are considered a good source of fresh technology for companies which intend to shift from the use of internal emails. Communication in the office is of utter most importance and coming up with a different types of communicating means that the new tool has to be more efficient than the internal emails. There are of course the network brands such as Yammer which offer a social network for an organization, allowing for one to send messages to a particular person, a group of people or even the entire team. Tools such as Google Docs allow the effective working of different parties at different locations on the same document, which basically allows the company workers to work on much bigger projects in comparison to tools such as Yammer. For talking purposes, there is the use of tools such as Google Talk, a tool which allows the company workers to talk either one on one or in a group chat. The inception of such tools into the work place makes matters much easier while eliminating all the unnecessary stuff such as spam. A lot of time is saved since most of these tools are only used when there is need to do so, unlike in emailing where people spend more time emailing to each other. Part 2: Management Structures Verses Company Size and Technology The management of an organization is very important because it enables the distribution of tasks to members’ within the organization which enables them to operate. Every company has its own goals and expectations, and there is a person tasked with enabling them to get to their goals done. Management structures are the systems which are set up by the company to enable the distribution of responsibility to the various members of the organization. Every organization requires a structure, though this is variable with some features which are not constant. Structures are highly dependable on factors such as size of the company, the goals of the organization as well as some of the tools which they use to carry out various processes in their company. Size of the company highly matters when it comes to deciding the kind of structure the company is going to incorporate. The size of the company is probably the biggest determinant of this, and it being so, ahs to be keenly observed to ensure that size does not meddle with the company’s goals. A small organization or business does not need to have a complicated structure. This is in accordance with the requirements that are brought about by the structure itself. Management structures are important for the duties to be relegated to each particular individual in the company. This means that if the company is small, there is no need for much relegation, with the responsibilities being shared out easily. In such cases, the responsibilities do not necessarily have to be given out as with the experience and expertise, but look at different aspects such as the availability of each person and likes. Small businesses do not require a formal management system and this being so, it may me an that the organization does not have very strict rules and guidelines to be followed. As a matter of fact, the rules which exist in these organizations are usually meant to enable the decision making process for the workers in the organization. These systems are usually referenced with organic systems. In smaller organizations, technology is not a problem. In much larger organizations, things are not as easy and straightforward as in the smaller ones. Larger organizations are much more complicated and their structures are much more different, needing more work to be put in place. Here, technology also becomes a much more complicated issue as well since it plays a major role in how the company is going to run. There is greater need to think clearly of the structure that one wants to implement in this bigger companies due to the complexity of the numbers (Drinan, pg 73). The main reason for bigger companies being tricky in how they are influenced by size is the factor that in a big organization, there is much more to be done. The structure is meant to increase efficiency through ensuring that work at the company is distributed to the right people, there is the need to be very selective with the staff. Bigger companies are complex in a few features in the structure. First of all, there is the difference in the ownership of such big companies. This difference in ownership usually provides the difference in the hierarchy of power, where the decision making process is dependent on several factors. In privately owned companies, the shareholders have the say on matters which concern the company. The top of the company is therefore chaired by these people, who are also the people responsible for controlling the top management. For a government-owned company, it is much different in management structure at the helm, with government officials holding the powe r of choosing whoever runs the company. The bigger companies also have more work to be relegated, plus every other aspect of the company is bigger. These companies have bigger revenues and income, more workers, a lot more need for bigger production, and they are more in place to expand. The size of the company thus plays the role where all these features determine a more complex management structure. There is the need to fill these positions with people and knowhow, which means that the process of coming up with workers in itself requires people to carry out (Human Resource Department). Formality is keen in these organizations where one is expected to strictly adhere to the rules and regulations of the workplace while ensuring that the power hierarchy is followed when dealing with any matter. There is a lot of specialization in such organization, which means that everyone is tasked with a particular task for which they were employed. With the hierarchy of power being very strict, information moves from up the ladder towards the subordinate staff, with the superiors holding power to ensure responsibility as well as control in the work place. The structure of the organization is greatly dependent not only on the size, but the technology which is used. There is a clear association between the two, with the line not being as clear as to which influences the other more between size and technology of the company. As seen earlier, size of the company means that the technology that is used has to be capable of incorporating the required prowess such that it becomes reliable to all the members. Thus we can agree that size of the company is used as a main determinant when an organization is looking for technological systems used in the company. When talking about technology though, there is a complication which arises with the identification of exactly what the effect of the technology has with regard to the structure considering this technology differs from the purpose it is being used for. Technology which is being used for the manufacturing process differs from technology which would be used in measures such as communication. For technology in communication, then it means that the technology does not have much effect on the structure, but has more to do with the number of workers in the organization and needs for the company. Otherwise, technology is identified as a major change in the systems which are being employed in the company. Technology usually changes with time, and this change brings about a change in the management structure of the organization. For any advances which are made, there has to occur a change in the structure which culminates in increased efficiency and reduced costs for the company (Drinan, pg 81). The inception of new technology into a company brings about an end to many positions in the company, and thus the structure of power has to change. Size and technology go hand in hand in deciding the kind of structure that is employed to manage an organization. In management of any organization, there have to be controlled procedures which enable the identification of the power hierarchy. A company has to be able to control its workforce for it to run efficiently and meet its goals and the needs of the customers. The positive effects of a good control system enable the company to delegate managerial issues with the workforce. The carrying out of this is done through certain steps which enable any manager to get a clear picture of what’s going on throughout the organization. First of all, it enables the establishing the standards, which is a basis for the establishment of representing performance. Standards are used for referencing of the actual performance. It is always advisable for any manager to have set standards which allow them to create a mental picture of the goals they intend to get in their workforce. Part 3: Organizational Change Organizational change occurs with the transition of a company from a current state and into a state which they require to be. For change to become effective the management has to come up with ways to ensure that the process receives little or no resistance from the workers as well as the keeping of costs as minimal as possible. All this is done while ensuring that the effects expected from the change that are being carried out are at maximum. In today’s world, there has come the need for most companies to keep changing which is due to the changing phases of the markets, and if these companies intend to keep themselves in the competition, they have to change as well. Thus, the challenges of running a company have increased threefold in the new century and call for the manager to be very careful. With the coming in of globalization and change in technologies, companies now have to be much faster in their response to change. Change in a company may refer to exercises which are mu ch smaller such as the changing of the company’s software program, or a big change such as the changing of the company’s marketing strategy (Drinan, pg 117). There are various reasons why a company undertakes changes. For us to go into the details of problems which are faced in the changing of a company there is the need to first look at some change precipitators and schematics. First, let’s look at the reasons why a company may change. As one writer puts it, companies change because the environment they are in changes. The changing environments under which companies conduct business are the main reason as to why they change. Companies also change so as to incorporate new plans into their organization. This may not necessarily have to be a new feature which has come up in the industry, but rather something that the management feels is needed for the company to get to a particular point in revenues. Mainly, in the management of a company, a manager must be at a position to see new opportunities which are available for the company to expand, such as the case of Coca Cola Company entering the mineral water business. This was not a new product in the industry, but for the company, it was something they were yet to undertake, and the incorporation of such a move required them to refit and rethink their company strategies. This is usually the main reason for changes that are witnessed in the production industry, with many managers looking to grow the companies they run. There is the other reason for change which is the opposite of change which is the change precipitated by some problem faced by the organization. Problems may arise which force the managers and the major players to change their systems so as to adapt and be at a position to survive their problems. In most cases, the problem is to be found in the finances of the company where they are facing low returns or even going through losses. In many of these situations, the workers are the most afflicted by such changes, with such problems seeing many workers being laid off so that the company can reduce its expenditure and costs (Drinan, pg 125). Though this type of change is not very common, its effects are adverse and usually indicate that there is a new feature in the market which has led to this change, including recession. It is highly noted that most of the attempts by managers to change their systems meet a failure. There may be any reasons for this, with the managers in such positions being blamed. There are four areas in a company which are identified as a must deal, including; technology, strategy, structure and finally workforce. Though the change is carried out in a particular area of any of these, they are interlinked in that change in one must bring change in the other. If there are problems to be witnessed in the change by the mangers, these are the four areas which should be carefully observed by the managers. There are several areas which bring about problems in the change process, which include lack of enough information. Information into the matter being changed is very important in that it sheds light on what the team can expect in carrying out the change. Lack of information into the matter may be detrimental to the process since it means that the management team is going into the change process without any clear picture which would enable them to make estimates and create timetables. Time is very important in the change of the organization since it coincides with costs. The next step that might be expected in the making of changes in a company is the manager and his/her team not making decision upfront. This means that the manager and the team are not yet sure of what they are supposed to do, which forces them to go back to research every time a decision needs to be made on matters concerning the organizational change. The result of being so confused is that chances for mistakes increase with each query that arises as well as the factor that time is wasted with the manager needing time before coming up with a conclusive answer to the query. In changes which require the training of many people, problems usually arise with mass training of the workers. This is a bad strategy which may lead to the creation of knowledge gaps in the workforce. In big industries, each worker needs to be trained such that they are capable of handling their responsibilities effectively. This requires each worker to be very specialized, and thus, mass training of the workers may lead to the change process backfiring on the manager and the team responsible for this. Mass training is mainly used either to save the time taken for the change, or to directly save costs which will be incurred in the process. The promlem os liability commonly arises in the process of trying to make changes in a company. This refers to a case where there is one person who is deemed more knowledgeable and informed in the area and thus all the information is received from this person. Here, the person becomes a form of hero, and no one, not even the manager in some cases, dares to go against their word. In the changing process, there can be no clear cutway of doing things, mainly due to the fact that what worked in some other places does not necessarily have to work in the case scenario it is being retried (Drinan, pg 138). The belief that one is expert enough to provide all the information may lead to the eventual death of the company due to the fault lines which may occur with a difference from what they did before. A mistake that is common to managers and their teams in enacting change is not measuring the success they are having in the act of making the change. In many organizational changes, the results are measured at the end of the change so as to decide how successful it has been. This is very common and most of the available examples of companies which have enacted change in their organizations, even the successful ones, indicate that they measure their results at the end of the process. There is also the problem where companies have to use other companies’ strategies in trying to make their own change. Many companies try and copy the step by step process of another company that succeeded. Just like in the hero scenario, this is trying to bring problems which the company has not created but rather which were faced by other companies. It is not possible for a company to effectively follow what another company has done since both the times and the manpower in use are totally different, and the problems are bound to have evolved into another form. These are some of the major problems which companies face when trying to come up with organizational change in their companies. There are however some measures that the manager can take to ensure that they are successful. Though as we have said earlier, it is not possible to come up with a concrete plan for changing an organization because of the fluctuation of market changes that take place every day, there are some constant steps which may enable the manager and the team responsible for the change to ensure they have a smooth change process. One of these steps is to ensure they get all the right information on what is expected in the change process. Information may determine how successful the process becomes, and thus the team has to ensure they carry out all the research necessary, which is through the collection of data from previous companies which have carried out the same change versus the current market conditions. It is important the organization does not follow the exact procedure used by any other person or company, and instead sits down and creates own plan for the change process. This enables them to place the current data in the market into use and avoid over or underestimation of anything. Each process needs to be taken at a time. With time being of uttermost importance to the company, it is important that it is observed. Time will ensure that they stick to their plan, or timetable, which will save them costs, as well as keep their plans on track. Disobeying the rule on time brings about many negative effects for the process, and might lead to the eventual demise of the organizational change process. Works Cited Drinan, Tony. Issues in Management: Vce Business Management Units 3 and 4. Fitzroy, Vic: Warringal Publications, 2000. Print.

Third Cinema in China Yellow Earth Essay - 1822 Words

Third Cinema in China: Yellow Earth What is identified as excess in Western cinematic experience is, therefore, precisely where we locate Third World cinema. -Teshome Gabriel The possibility of a Third Cinema in China is encouraged with Chen Kaiges 1984 film Yellow Earth. Drawing upon Teshome Gabriels framework, a working definition of Third Cinema is possible in the case of Chinese cinema. The fifth generation of Chinas film-makers is credited in making films such as Yellow Earth, Farewell my Concubine, and The Blue Kite, as well as Raise the Red Lantern and Red Sorghum. While not all films made by the fifth generation are necessarily of a Third Cinema, many of them offer critique, drawing upon tactics to raise social or†¦show more content†¦One may even suggest that Yellow Earth is an avant-gardist attempt by young Chinese film-makers taking cover under the abstractionist ambiguities of Classical Chinese painting. Chinese film-makers, still confronted with censorship or the potential banning of a work, realize the need to speak in a new, different Chinese film language than drawing upon Western models. Western forms proved unconducive to the Ch inese condition. Therefore by drawing upon indigenous art forms, a Chinese cinema to speak to the Chinese in their own language better articulates, in the case of Yellow Earth, the condition of rural poverty. The natural world is better represented through Chinese painting aesthetics adopted by the camera. Vastness of the land, of what Gabriel call the mass of the Third World, is propelled to the screen through extremely long shots. Yimous extensive use of long shots in Yellow Earth place characters in relation to the world in which they live and work. Often, characters are no more than abstract figures walking along foot paths in the hills or at the meeting of sky and earth at the horizon. 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Focus on Empathy and Emotional Competencies - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Focus on Empathy and Emotional Competencies. Answer: Introduction: The current study focuses upon the health effects of air pollution as pollution is a global problem and has been causing havoc to the health of people worldwide. For the current assignment, we have been mainly taken the aspect of air pollution has been taken into consideration.The air pollution has been seen to result in a number of respiratory disorders within people. Most of the times, the affect of pollutants are deleterious resulting in serious sickness such as lung cancer. Additionally, the air pollution has been damaging public and private properties alike. The high amount of sulphur dioxide which are released in the form of green house gases get dissolved in the atmospheric water droplets and are precipitated in the form of acid rain (11). For example, the white marble of the Taj Mahal have been corroded owing to the acid rain. The further effects of air pollutions can be evaluated with the help of drafting an effective research question. The research question has been represented in the PICO format. Here, PICO refers to Problem, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome. In children and old age group (P) how can air pollution control strategies (I) against exposure to large amount of air pollution compared to small amount of air pollution(C) positively impact the health in the population group (O)? Systematic review of literature based on research question The researcher had used secondary research design for the collection of data where he had mainly focused upon case study analysis. Some of this case study analysis has adopted randomised control trial whereas the rest were case study analysis. For the randomised control trials, the patients who had been suffering from some of the other respiratory issues owing to exposure to high amount of air pollution had been taken into consideration. The study methods have been further divided into control and experimental setups. The effect of the control and intervention methods on the focus groups gad been further evaluated through the research papers. The goal of the randomised control trials has been to reduce or control the ill effects of air pollution on individual well being. A number of inclusion and exclusion principle have been applied while doing the research such as only secondary databases have been utilised for the collection of the journal articles. Some of the secondary databases which had been used by the researcher over here are CINAHL, PUBMED, NCBI etc. During making the search only articles printed in English had been taken into consideration. Additionally, the articles which had been published prior to the last 10 years have not been taken into consideration. Additionally, a number of keywords were used of making the search such as air pollution, health effects. The articles which had been generate apart from the above search criteria had not been taken into consideration. There were a number of strengths and limitation of the search criteria. Since secondary databases were used only authentic peer reviewed article were taken into consideration. Additionally, considering only the recent articles and journals the past biases could be removed. However, there were a number of limitations of the search criteria as the researcher narrowed down his search criteria to the past 10 years. Thus, some of the articles published before that date was not taken into consideration, which could make the base of the research much more strong. Plausible biological mechanism in the research question There has been growing concerns regarding the health effects of air pollution. One such serious concern has been with respect to the abundance of particulate matter in the air. As mentioned by Watts et al., the particulate matters are mainly in the form of free carbon dust or soot particles (1). These have been seen to enhance the respiratory troubles along with causing breathing difficulties. Evidence has linked exposure to particulate matter (PM) with cardiopulmonary disease (2). A systematic response to PM induced pulmonary infection could lead to cytokine release which can later cardiac function. Studies have suggested that threshold level of PM above 2.5 can trigger a range of diseases w within an individual. As suggested by Percival, Schroeder, Miller, Leape , improving air quality is not the most effective method either (3). For instance, there is a need for stronger control methods, which could help in controlling the concentration of PM in the air. The free carbon or dust ha s been seen to produce carcinogenic effects in an individual which could further lead to the development of lung cancer (4). Inspite of sufficient research done on the topic and effective measures taken the rate of air pollution and the concentration of particulate matters is still high in certain places of the world. This could be attributed to the fast and the rapid rate of globalization. With the advent of globalization more and more people have been using public transit for travelling (5). Additionally, fast industrialization has also been affected with increasing rates of air pollution (6). However, none of the control measures pertaining to reducing the events of gloablization had been covered effectively so far as the theories suggested by one school of thought has been rejected by the other. References Watts N, Adger WN, Agnolucci P, Blackstock J, Byass P, Cai W, Chaytor S, Colbourn T, Collins M, Cooper A, Cox PM. Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health. The Lancet. 2015 Nov 7;386(10006):1861-914. Whitmee S, Haines A, Beyrer C, Boltz F, Capon AG, de Souza Dias BF, Ezeh A, Frumkin H, Gong P, Head P, Horton R. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller FoundationLancet Commission on planetary health. The Lancet. 2015 Nov 14;386(10007):1973-2028. Percival RV, Schroeder CH, Miller AS, Leape JP. Environmental regulation: Law, science, and policy. Wolters Kluwer Law Business; 2017 Dec 28. Mnzel T, Srensen M, Gori T, Schmidt FP, Rao X, Brook J, Chen LC, Brook RD, Rajagopalan S. Environmental stressors and cardio-metabolic disease: part Iepidemiologic evidence supporting a role for noise and air pollution and effects of mitigation strategies. European heart journal. 2017 Feb 21;38(8):550-6. Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Air pollution and public health: emerging hazards and improved understanding of risk. Environmental geochemistry and health. 2015 Aug 1;37(4):631-49. Van De Loo KF, Van Gelder MM, Roukema J, Roeleveld N, Merkus PJ, Verhaak CM. Prenatal maternal psychological stress and childhood asthma and wheezing: a meta-analysis. European Respiratory Journal. 2016 Jan 1;47(1):133-46. Lyons RA, Rodgers SE, Thomas S, Bailey R, Brunt H, Thayer D, Bidmead J, Evans BA, Harold P, Hooper M, Snooks H. Effects of an air pollution personal alert system on health service usage in a high-risk general population: a quasi-experimental study using linked data. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016 May 23:jech-2016. An R, Zhang S, Ji M, Guan C. Impact of ambient air pollution on physical activity among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Perspectives in public health. 2018 Mar;138(2):111-21. Olmo NR, Saldiva PH, Braga AL, Lin CA, Santos UD, Pereira LA. A review of low-level air pollution and adverse effects on human health: implications for epidemiological studies and public policy. Clinics. 2011;66(4):681-90. Feretti D, Ceretti E, De Donno A, Moretti M, Carducci A, Bonetta S, Marrese MR, Bonetti A, Covolo L, Bagordo F, Villarini M. Monitoring air pollution effects on children for supporting public health policy: the protocol of the prospective cohort MAPEC study. BMJ open. 2014 Sep 1;4(9):e006096. Lamothe M, Rondeau , Malboeuf-Hurtubise C, Duval M, Sultan S. Outcomes of MBSR or MBSR-based interventions in health care providers: A systematic review with a focus on empathy and emotional competencies. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2016 Feb 1;24:19-28. Ren C, Tong S. Health effects of ambient air pollutionrecent research development and contemporary methodological challenges. Environmental Health. 2008 Dec;7(1):56.

20 Informative Essay Topics Discuss Controversial Redistricting Issues with Ease!

20 Informative Essay Topics Discuss Controversial Redistricting Issues with Ease! Redistricting is a political topic which deals with the segmentation of large cities into smaller districts. As this is a research topic with a big spectrum, your course instructor might be tempted to assign it. If you have been asked to write a detailed paper or essay on this topic, you can go over to our 10 facts on redistricting for an informative essay and find a lot of details on the subject. However, if you are looking for direct topics which will make your research a lot easier and narrow, here are 20 you can pick out from for your essay. Here are 20 topics regarding redistricting for your informative essay: The General History of Redistricting Vs. Current Redistricting How The Baker Vs. Carr Trial Played Part in Contemporary Redistricting The Necessity of Redistricting The Logic Behind Its Concept Discuss The Origins of the â€Å"1-Person-Equals-1-Vote† Statement The Effects of Geographical Contiguity on Redistricting A Detailed Look at Partisan Gerrymandering Its Setbacks Bipartisan Gerrymandering Its Benefits What is Biased Redistricting? History of Litigations Against Biased Redistricting What Role Does Redistricting Play In Eliminating Incumbents? Reasons Why Richard Cranwell Didn’t Run for Re-Election after Redistricting How Minority Votes are Rendered Useless in Redistricting The Strategic Dilution of The Latino Community Votes in 2003 Adverse Effects of Redistricting on Small Communities Effects of Redistricting of Regions with Certain Predominant Ethnic Populations The 92’ Race Riots Their Adverse Effects on Koreatown How States Use Legislators for Redistricting Commissions Their Reliabilities on Redistricting Backup Commision Vs. Political Commission Independent Commission Its Role in Legislations You can elaborate on these topics extensively and if you are just getting started, look at our guide on how to write an informative essay on redistricting for tips and tricks. To assist and inspire you to write the best essay, here is an example of an informative and authoritative essay. Sample Informative Essay on the History of Redistricting Redistricting is an example of how the American democratic system handles equality. This political strategy is used to adjust the population of the country to districts. Redistricting has a huge impact on our daily lives and it is important that we study its topics in detail so we can make an informed decision for our communities. Federal, state and local legislatures are elected from districts and their size is usually the same as the entire jurisdiction. For example, if we talk about the members of a school board, they may be elected from the area of the same boundaries and not the overall district of the school that the board governs. However, a lot of times, the district lines subdivide territories. This results in one city or a state controlling multiple districts. When this happens, an entity is needed that can create a system to decide where the lines are. In the colonial times, constraints of a district were defined by borders of individuals or collection of towns and counties. Legislatures were formed by assigning a particular number of representatives to each district. The 1777 New York State’s constitution, which had assigned a total of 9 representatives to the city, is a good example of this. However, because the overall population had grown exponentially, the growth was not equal; while some towns and counties grew larger, others didn’t. Some jurisdictions didn’t update their systems and as a result, there was an imbalance between the number of representative and district lines. Districts that didn’t modify their borders and number of representatives presented various reasons. While some complained about conflicting policies, others failed to follow because of personal political interests. Some states blankly refused to redistrict, as in the case of the state of Tennessee. There was also a lack in equality with regards to the size of the district because the Los Angeles county was 400 times larger than the smallest district in California. Before the 60s, there was unjust manipulation of district borders to enforce a certain political impact. Unfair drawing of district lines helped incumbents increase their likelihood to gain points in electoral campaign. After the 60s, the rules changed due to a series of Supreme Court cases and it was firmly decided that no such biases would be tolerated. Redistricting became a constitutional right of a citizen and it was imperative for the population for each district to be equal. District boundaries were then regularly adjusted so new information about the population could be accounted for. Though this is a good example of a redistricting essay, you can produce an even better one if you put your mind to it. So instead of waiting for the deadline and writing a poorly researched essay, start right away and your instructor will soon begin singing your praise. References: U.S. Const. art. I,  §2, cl. 3. See, e.g., N.Y. Const. art. III,  § 4 (setting the size of the State Senate). Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives, Congressional Apportionment, at http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/house_history/congApp/. Act of Aug. 8, 1911, ch. 5, Pub. L. No. 62-5, 37 Stat. 13; Reapportionment Act of June 18, 1929, ch. 28, Pub. L. No. 71-13, 46 Stat. 21, 26–27. Hanh Quach Dena Bunis, All Bow to Redistrict Architect, Orange County Register, Aug. 26, 2001. The â€Å"hand,† at the eastern end of current district 11, excised a portion of what had been Cranwell’s district 14. Lindsey Nair, Redistricting Effectively Moves Cranwell, Roanoke Times, Apr. 24, 2001. See Ill. State Board of Elections, Search Vote Totals, at elections.il.gov/electioninformation/GetVoteTotals.aspx

Worse Than Slavery essays

Worse Than Slavery essays In Worse than Slavery, David Oshinsky tells a graphic story of the system adopted after the civil war in the south. He explains in detail how conflict labor was used as a form of replacement slavery against the blacks in Mississippi and throughout the south. Convict leasing and the system inside the Parchman farm were both ways in which white southerners used the criminal justice system to maintain power over newly free blacks. Blacks were easily convicted of crimes and sentenced to long terms with harsh punishments. White southerners relied on the criminal justice system in order to preserve the patterns of race relations and to create new patterns. One way in which they did this was to create black codes. The goal of these codes was to control the labor supply and to keep the higher position of whites in southern society. The codes listed certain crimes for the freed blacks only, such as mischief and cruel treatment of animals. The penalty for intermarriage was life imprisonment. Oshinsky explains to us that for blacks accused of any crime it was basically impossible to be acquitted of their charges. They could not afford lawyers and white word always prevailed over blacks. After the end of the Civil War, southerners were very disrupted by the newly freed slaves. White southerners did not want to accept these people as citizens in their towns and had long viewed criminal behavior as natural to the Negro (pg. 32). Stealing was the most common offense and it was moving past the plantations the slaves once inhabited. Blacks could not afford lawyers and had virtually no chance of winning their case inside a court. They were sentenced to long prison terms with heavy fines they were unable to pay. According to Oshinsky, many jails and penitentiaries in the South had been destroyed by the war and emancipation had placed strains on the prisons. There was no money to replace them or to house the flood of...

Reading and answer questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reading and answer questions - Essay Example The company has utilized every chance to ensure the positive message about their products reaches across its target markets. They have advertized and promoted their products on television, billboards featuring talented athletes. Because they manufacture practicable products, they sponsor teams that wear their products on the pitch during marches to relay practicable information about the products. They maintain different brands to grab a larger share of the market as a marketing strategy. c. The UnderArmour has established an effective supply chain network to help distribute its product. The company largely utilizes business partners in the line of sales to distribute the products. The major supply chain is based in Baltimore and two distribution centers: one in Baltimore and the other in Rialto, California. These distribution centers work with smaller distributers and co-ordinates with interested purchasers to make trade arrangements. d. Their product design is focused on the needs of sportsmen. The company’s apparel, for instance, is designed to absorb sweat keeping the sportsman dry through the match, the footwear are designed on strong and lighter materials to enhance a player’s mobility and stamina. They have developed their products design using unique materials, which positions them well in the market as well as reducing the chance of their products being counterfeited. e. The company operated in numerous countries and therefore, enjoys the benefits of outsourcing labor especially from cheap-labor countries like China. Most of their manufacturing occurs in the US but most production occurs overseas when the idea is looked at in an aggregate perspective. f. The company has numerous distribution facilities in different parts of the United States and the word at large. It has set a team of expert involved in research in terms of studying the market trends and the design materials of the

Comparing between Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparing between - Essay Example On the hand a conflicting conclusion has been raised by the study conducted by Cambridge University and Medical Research Council (CUMRC). This study concluded that saturated fat found in dairy protect against type 2 diabetes. The CUMRC only linked alcohol, red meat, carbohydrates and fried food as causal agents to diabetes but affirms that dairy food prevents type 2 diabetes risk. The CUMRC daunting challenge is only establishing how various food ate corresponds to fatty acid levels. The finding thus uproots an earlier notion of risks of Cheese products that were previously linked to higher amounts of cholesterol and type 2 diabetes and recommends its increased consumptions as a protective mechanism against type 2 diabetes. In conclusion, the two CUMRC’s findings have been affirmed by the chief coordinator of the Inter-Act project, Prof Nick Wareham. He has noted a lot of confidence in the CUMRC’s findings and hence thumps up the position that saturated fat in dairy products protect against type 2 diabetes hence downtrodden ‘Epic-InterAct Study’

Nixon’s presidency Essay Example for Free

Nixon’s presidency Essay There are three major issues emphasized during the 1969-1974 term of President Richard Nixon: Vietnam, domestic policies, and the infamous Watergate affair. Nixon inherited the Vietnam War from Lyndon Johnson. The war had caused years of turmoil among Americans who believed that America should not even participate in the war in the first place. In an aim to bring peace, he initiated the Vietnamization of the war, centering of the withdrawal of the US troops. For a while, the plan seemed to be working, but the damage had already been done. Back home, America found herself with a dissenting generation. The war had already drained the country’s economy, inflation was high, crimes and civil rights movement were rapidly swelling. Nixon tried to solve this by injecting domestic policies that involved increasing interest rates to curb borrowing and introducing what the president called â€Å"affirmative action programs,† initiatives that hired minorities and women. Some African Americans who were able to finish college benefited from this but majority were still poor and stayed in slums. Furthermore, people blamed the Supreme Court for the rising incidents of crime so Nixon filled the court with conservative justices. However, while this alleviated the bevy of civil rights movement, it did not entirely solve the crimes. What it did was that it ushered an â€Å"us vs. them† sentiment, a battle between Nixon and those who opposed him, people who Nixon thought were countering the American values. During Nixon’s term, the activism was popular-environmental, consumer, and feminist movements were formed. People had become liberalized, more aware of their rights and surroundings. It seemed that Nixon’s gameplan was not working. Nixon’s economic strategy also failed to work. It was not until 1971 when the president started a 90-day freeze on wages, prices and rents that his efforts finally started to pay off; inflation and unemployment had lessened. This improvement, along with having positive foreign relations helped him earned a reelection. But it only ushered the road to Nixon’s downfall. The illegal activities of the Committee to Reelect the President erupted into what became known as the Watergate Scandal which led to the president’s resignation. From a popular man, Nixon placed himself in a world of lies, crimes and deception. His presidency was in shambles. The lesson of the scandal became clear: that there would always be the dangers of uninhibited executive power and opportunities for political abuse. It was and still is something American will forever be cautious of. Maybe just for that, however painful and shameful it sounds, Americans are grateful for Nixon.

Downfall of the Roman Empire :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Downfall of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire was strong for a time. It was founded on geography, family values, military strength, and wise leadership. It flourished because of social, economic, political, military and religious strengths. However, when the very things that make a civilization flourish start to decline, the civilization will also lead to a downfall. The first reason for the fall was economic decay. The rulers of Rome had expensive lifestyles. To aid their image, they needed money. They gained money through taxation on the poor. In response to the torment of tax collectors, the poor fled to barbaric lands. The poor made up a large percentage of the Roman population. Barbarians disrupted trade on the Mediterranean sea. Rome's gold and silver were being drained into buying luxuries from China, India, and Arabia. The government decreased the silver content in money. The value of the money also decreased. Diocletion attempted to curb the inflation. He issued an edict that fixed maximum prices and wages throughout the Empire. It was an unrealistic and unenforceable idea which failed. The emperors still felt the tax issue needed to be addressed. They decided to make the hereditary class of tax collectors pay the difference. In other words, if a poor person could not pay their full share, the tax collector paid the rest. This concept wi ped out a whole class of moderately wealthy people. Later, slavery split communities. Rome believed the workers of society should not benefit from slavery. Slaves then had to reason to try hard or improve. Eastern slaves started doing technical work. Thus, all technical work was looked down upon. Labor was cheap and worthless. Upper-class Romans were content with what they had become. They felt no need to improve their inventions, they were content with slaves. Another reason for the fall of Rome was political issues. Citizens no longer displayed patriotism, they were indifferent. Only the rich ran for office. Only the rich could run for office. It had become too expensive to hold office. The officers were forced to pay for public engagements themselves. The wealthy men destroyed Greco-Roman civilization. The loss of Greco-Roman civilization led to the decline of classical civilization. The general pattern of the classical civilization was based upon slavery being at the root of society. The army had proven itself to produce many leaders. The army needed to be maintained. Again, taxes were forced mainly on the poor or made more people impoverished.

Cost Accounting Past FInal

January 10,800 February 1 5,600 March 12,200 April 10,400 May 9,800 The inventory of finished products at the end of each month is to be equal to 25% of the sales estimate for the next month. On January 1, there were 2,700 units of product on hand. No work is in process at the end of any month. Each unit of product requires two types of materials in the following quantities: Material A-4 units Material B- 5 units Materials equal to one half of the next month's production are to be on hand at the end of each month.This requirement will be met on December 31st, 2012. REQUIRED: a) Prepare a budget showing the quantities of each type of material to be purchased each month for the first quarter of 2013 Question Two (20 marks) KILL Industries use weighted-average process costing to determine the cost of goods manufactured. The firm began the current year with 20,000 units in process, 75% complete. Work was begun on an additional 90,000 units during the period. The period ended with 8,000 u nits in process, 40% complete.Materials are added at the beginning of the process, labor when the units are 50% complete, and overhead is re sold for scrap at $0. 10 each. Normally, 2% of the units inspected are expected to be rejected. Costs attached to beginning work-in-process were $80,000 for materials, $120,000 for labor, and $150,000 for overhead. Current costs for the period were $371,000 for materials, $475,000 for labor and $865,280 for overhead. One hundred thousand good units were completed and transferred out during the period. ) Prepare a cost of production report for this department using weighted average process costing using the vertical format (as taught in class, not in the text) b) Prepare Journal entries to record the activities for the month Question Three (22 marks) Pfizer-Plow Pharmaceuticals is a major seller of cold remedies. Its product line consists of aspirin, cough lozenges, cold capsules and a nasal spray. The firm manufactures only the cold capsules in Puerco Ricoh.The other products are purchased from firms which specialize in the manufacture of those products: For the first quarter of 2012, management of Pfizer-Plow prepared the following master budget: Sales Aspirin 10,000 cases Lozenges 20,000 cases Capsules 20,000 cases Spray 5,000 cases Total Sales Aspirin Lozenges Spray Manufacturing Costs: Caffeine 40,000 grams 400,000 Antihistamine 60,000 grams 300,000 Aspirin concentrate 100,000 grams 350,000 Direct labor 40,000 hours Overhead (all fixed) 500,000 Total Costs Net Income Through excellent SIT inventory control, the firm was able to keep purchases and production exactly equal to unit sales.The firm uses actual process costing for its manufacturing operation. A summary of the actual results for the first quarter of 2012 follow: Cost of purchases 1 ZOO cases 20,000 cases $200. 00 a case Capsules 2000 cases $310. 00 a case ,000 cases $390. 00 a case Actual Manufacturing costs incurred during the period were: Caffeine 45,000 g rams $427,500 Antihistamine 64,000 grams $384,000 Aspirin Concentrate 1 1 5,000 grams 414,000 Direct labor 43,000 hours Overhead 482,000 a) Determine actual cost net income b) Calculate I.Sales quantity variance it. Sales mix variance iii. Sales Price variances ‘v. Material yield variance v. Material mix variance v'. Material price variances c) Reconcile actual net income to the master budget in a single statement, including any other appropriate variances Question Four (12 marks) revived more Buts of heat per cord of wood than any other wood burning fireplace insert or stove. One model, the Heatproof, sells for $1,800, and a new model, the Heat Queen, sells for $1,200.A traditional costing system ‘. The BBC system b) Which system would most likely do a better Job of measuring costs for this product emphasis/keep or drop decision? Explain. C) Franklins controller points out that the BBC information could also be used to identify and eliminate non-value added activities. Explain how BBC and BAM can be used for this purpose. Question Five (18 marks) The steam-generating department of the Sotto Company provides the power necessary to run the machines in two production departments, Pl and UP.Based upon past experience, it has been determined that the total costs of operating the team generating equipment contains a fixed element of $30,000 per year and a variable element of $2. 00 per 1,000 cubic meters of steam. In addition to any allocated overhead costs, Pl has direct fixed overhead of $20,000 per year and UP has direct fixed overhead of $10,000 per year. Direct variable overhead in Pl is $1. 00 per machine hour. Direct variable overhead in UP is $2 per machine hour.Each machine hour in Pl requires the use of 1,000 cubic meters of steam. Each machine hour in UP requires the use of 250 cubic meters of steam. Maximum yearly machine hours in Pl and UP are 20,000 and 30,000, respectively. Under current economic conditions, management expects to utilize 10,000 machine hours in Pl and 30,000 machine hours in UP during 2013. A) Determine the expected 2013 operating costs of the steam-generating department.

How Senators Use the Filibuster to Stop Legislation

The term filibuster is used to describe a tactic used by members of the U.S. Senate to stall or delay votes on legislation. Lawmakers have used every trick imaginable to filibuster on the floor of the Senate: reading names from the phone book, reciting Shakespeare, cataloging all the  recipes for fried oysters. The use of the filibuster has skewed the way legislation is brought to the floor of the Senate. There are 100 members of the upper chamber in Congress, and most votes are won by a simple majority. But in the Senate, 60 has become the most important number. Thats because  it takes 60 votes in the Senate to block a filibuster and bring an end to unlimited debate or delay tactics. Senate rules allow any member or group of senators to speak as long as necessary on an issue. The only way to end the debate is to invoke cloture, or win a vote of 60 members. Without the 60 votes needed, the filibuster can go on forever. Historic Filibusters Senators have effectively used filibusters -- or more often, the threat of a filibuster -- to change legislation or block a bill from being voted on the Senate floor. Sen. Strom Thurmond gave the longest filibuster in 1957 when he spoke for more than 24 hours against the Civil Rights Act. Sen. Huey Long would recite Shakespeare and read recipes to pass the time while filibustering in the 1930s. But the most famous filibuster was conducted by Jimmy Stewart in the classic film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington. Why Filibuster? Senators have used filibusters to push for changes in legislation or to prevent a bill from passing with less than 60 votes. It is often a way for the minority party to yield power and block legislation, even though the majority party chooses what bills will get a vote. Often, senators make their intent to filibuster known to other senators to prevent a bill from being scheduled for a vote. Thats why you rarely see long filibusters on the Senate floors. Bills that will not be approved are rarely scheduled for a vote. During George W. Bushs administration, Democratic senators effectively filibustered against several judicial nominations. In 2005, a group of seven Democrats and seven Republicans - dubbed the Gang of 14 - got together to reduce filibusters for judicial nominees. The Democrats agreed not to filibuster against several nominees, while Republicans ended efforts to rule filibusters unconstitutional. Against the Filibuster Some critics, including many members of the U.S. House of Representatives who have seen their bills pass in their chamber only to die in the Senate, have called for an end to filibusters, or to at least lower the cloture threshold to 55 votes. They allege the rule has been used too often in recent years to block important legislation. Those critics point to data that show the use of the filibuster has become too common in modern politics. No session of Congress, in fact, had attempted to break a filibuster more than 10 times until 1970. Since then the number of cloture attempts has exceeded 100 during some sessions, according to the data. In 2013,  the Democratic-controlled U.S. Senate voted to change the rules on how the chamber acts on presidential nominations.  The change makes it easier to set up confirmation votes for  presidential nominees for executive branch and judicial nominees with the exception of those for the U.S. Supreme Court by requiring only a simple majority, or 51 votes, in the Senate.