Incas Versus The Aztecs And Mayans Essay - 1315 Words

Incas versus the Aztecs and Mayans The incas rose in 1438, they fell in 1533. They suffered the attacks of Spanish conquerors such as Spaniard Francisco Pizarro (1475-1541) and the spread of small box. At the peak of power the civilization extended 4,000 km (2,500 miles) and included 16 million people. They were extremely advanced, had an army, laws, roads, bridges, and tunnels. Inca’s were the most advanced civilization because of their government, agriculture, architecture and technology compared to the Aztecs and Mayans. There are many aspects to the government hierarchy. The Inca government at Cuzco maintained a strong military and passed laws to create official customs, an official language, and calendar. They had a government that established law. â€Å"The Inca government was called the Tawantinsuyu. It was a monarchy ruled by a single leader called the Sapa Inca.† His principal wife (queen) was called the coya. â€Å"The Sapa Inca were several officers who helped to rule the empire. High ranking officials were often relatives of the emperor and were always part of the Inca class.† They had seven different levels of officers helping rule. Viceroy also known as the Inkap Rantin who worked as the advisor and was a close relative. High priest also known as the Willaq Umu he was the second in power. Governs of a Quarter also known as an Apu and they govern their quarter of the Empire. There are others like the council of realm, the inspectors, the military generals and theShow MoreRe latedBook Analysis of Katun: A Twenty Year Journey with the Maya918 Words   |  4 PagesBook Analysis of Katun: A Twenty Year Journey with the Maya The Mayan people of the Yucatan Peninsula have endured great changes over their history, but many changes have occurred more recently as documented in the book by Cindy Hull. During a study in which she lived in Yaxbe for several decades, Hull examined the effects that this change has had on the people of the village and the Mayan people at large. Initially, Hull found that much was different about living with the people because sheRead MoreThe Westward Spread of Inca and Egyptian Culture Essay2138 Words   |  9 PagesThe Westward Spread of Inca and Egyptian Culture The second half of the twentieth century has seen many changes in theories concerning the mode of colonization of the islands of Micronesia, and the rise of the Inca Empire, with its striking similarities to Egypt. In the past, it has been suggested that Asians had worked their way through the Pacific, over a period of thousands of years. It was believed that each island group had formed independently, and that the residentsRead MoreBarrio Boy by Ernesto Galarza and A Place to Stand by Jimmy Santiago Baca1774 Words   |  8 Pagesbig part in writing. In Our America by Josà © Martà ­, he identifies and defends American indigenous cultures and memory. He talks about how there is no Latin American advancement without justice for indigenous America. â€Å"The history of America, from the Incas to the present, must be taught in clear detail and to the letter, even if the archons of Greece are overlooked† (Jose: 114). This writing by Martà ­ is extremely powerful and all throughout his writing it clearly supports American indigenous cultures

Excello Telecommuncations - 1587 Words

RUNNING HEAD: EXCELLO TELECOMMUNICATIONS CASE Excello Telecommunications Case Kevin C ETH/376 February 10, 2014 Excello Telecommunications Case The year is quickly ending for Excello Telecommunications, and they are trying to maximize earnings for the company. With increased competition from foreign companies, Excello meeting its financial estimates are looking bleak. Failure to meet earnings expectations can reduce the availability of bonuses, stock options and could lessen the value of the company. Because of the threat in not meeting estimated earnings, the company’s CFO Terry Reed has a plan to make one last effort to meet company goals. Terry Reed has knowledge about a sale of $1.2 million to a†¦show more content†¦Section 401 forces companies the discloser of periodic reports from the company. Section 807 describes a clear definition on the criminal penalties for executives who break the law. Excello GAAP Accounting Excello accounting standards in the case study shows that the CFO wanted to make a decision based on an operating decision going against accounting standards. GAAP principles must be followed by Excello when preparing financial statements. When the company releases the financial statements, it must be in compliance with GAAP. With that in mind, the accounting department must also comply with GAAP principles when the $1.2 million sale is posted. Excello must follow revenue recognition rules when the sale is recognized by the company. Revenues resulting from selling inventory must be recognized at the date of the sale, often viewed under date of delivery. If the company used accrual basis of accounting, the revenues are recognized when they are earned, and expenses are matched with the revenues generated by the sale. So for Excello, the sale cannot be reported in 2010 because the sale would occur in 2011. Because Excello still possess the goods at the end of the year, the sa le recognition cannot occur. The financial statements have to reflect the true accounting activities for 2010, so the reports are transparent, reliable and consistent. If Excello went ahead and reported the revenue in 2010, the report will not be truthful and unreliable for

Provide Leadership Across the Organization

Question: Define the Provide Leadership Across the Organization. Answer: 1: Part A: Meeting plan Step 1 Firstly, as a supervisor of CliniCloud, I will have to welcome the newly appointed people within the organization. In the welcome process, I will have to introduce myself briefly. Then I will have to focus on the introduction of CliniCloud. I will also have to share mission, vision and aim of the organization. For instance, the company is focusing on to increase its sales volume to up to 10% and also aims to provide the best services at the store. I will also have to share that the future goal of CliniCloud is to become one of the fastest growing retail organizations in Australia so that new appointed employees can feel motivated in joining the organization. Step 2 After the introduction, I will have to share the ethics and values of CliniCloud. I will have to share that the company is committed to provide the best possible products at the cheapest price in the market. However, I will also share the information that CliniCloud will compromise with the business ethics in order to provide products at the cheapest price. In fact, CliniCloud will focus on the maintenance of positive relationship with all its suppliers. Step 3 In the third step, I will have to engage with the employees to understand their career aim and objectives. Furthermore, I will have to provide a proper career path for the employees so that they can feel motivated to associate with the organization for a longer period. I will also have to share the information that CliniCloud will provide for the professional development of the employees. Step 4 In the fourth step, I will highlight the significance of team development for the organizational developmental process. Therefore, I will have to consult with each of the employees in order to describe their role in the team. I believe role specification will reduce the possibility of miscommunication that eventually improve the cohesiveness among the team members. Step 5 After that, I have to encourage the employees to maintain diversity in the team. Since, I believe diversity in a team actually include different perspectives. Therefore, it can be beneficial at the time of facing difficulties in the organizational workplace. Furthermore, I will also encourage all the employees to share any concern with me so that I can refer that to the higher authority. I will share different fun initiatives of CliniCloud so that organization can able to maintain positive work atmosphere. Step 6 I will also highlight different risk factors that can actually affect the business process of CliniCloud. For instance, I will have to share information about the significance of providing the best possible customer service for maintaining its position in the market. I will also have to share the best possible way to reduce the risk factors. Step 7 In the final step of the meeting, I will provide chance for the employees to ask any questions related to work and their professional career. I will make sure no confusion remains in the mind of the employees. 1: As per the article by Chhokar, Brodbeck House (2013) leaders has critical role to play in enhancing the performance level of the employees. In fact, studies have highlighted that there can be no leadership when there is no influence. In organizational structure, leaders focus on the effectiveness of the teamwork so that organization can actually able to fulfill its objectives. In CliniCloud, management focuses on the teamwork so that employees can able to think positively in performing their responsibilities. Furthermore, decision-making strategies of leaders also play a crucial role in the motivational level of the employees. Therefore, it creates direct impact on the performance level of the employees. In the meeting, I have mentioned that CliniCloud utilize opinions of the employees before making any crucial decision in the organizational work process. Therefore, I have found that it has created positive vibe on the mind of new employees. Furthermore, leaders are responsible for developing organizational culture. As per the article by Avolio Yammarino (2013), organizational culture can actually influence employees to give their best at the workplace. In meeting, I have mentioned that CliniCloud maintain a positive work culture so that employees does not feel demotivated towards their work. 2: In the meeting, I have identified that our existing work culture is quite effective in motivating all the employees towards their responsibilities. However, I have also found some suggestion that can be taken in to consideration in improving the present work culture in order to enhance its position in the market place. Furthermore, as we are developing a new branch it is also important to maintain the same level of work culture in the new branch as well. Otherwise, it actually may affect the overall business process of the organization (Beck Cowan, 2014). I have found two important suggestions to enhance the workplace culture. The meeting emphasizes on the effective utilization of the better communication tools in order to maintain coordination between new and old branches. Another suggestion is to focus more on the employee concern and problems. I believe it is expected that employees will face difficulties in running the operational process at the new branch effectively. Therefore, superiors will have to guide employees in an appropriate way that eventually will create positive impact on the workplace culture. 3: I believe gaining trust of the employees is a long-term process. Therefore, I will follow a systematic procedure so that employees do not have to face too much difficulty at the time of performing their responsibilities. First of all, I have to assess the performance level of all the employees in order to identify specific needs. Furthermore, I will have to maintain continues communication process so that employees can able to share the difficulties that they are facing at the workplace in a much more effective way. I also have to ensure that all the employees can able to have effective support from the management so that they feel motivated towards their work. I also will utilize democratic decision-making strategy so that employees can feel themselves as an integral part of the organization. Past and background: I am currently working as a supervisor in CliniCloud. I associated with retail industry for more 2 years now. In my first job, I was appointed as a store executive where my responsibility is to provide the best possible service to the customers. Within 6 months after joining, I have able to get a promotion to the designation of senior store executive. During my promotion, superiors have said that I have performed better than their expectancy. However, I also always tried to keep track of my performance level from my immediate superiors. One of my superior has said that I possess an excellent communication skill. However, I need to work on my patience level, as it is necessary in increasing the satisfaction level of the customers. After 1 year, I have joined CliniClub as a Supervisor where my responsibility is to guide the ground level employees in performing their responsibilities effectively. Professional objectives: Specific I want to become senior store manager of a global retail organization. Measurable I am focusing on continues 120% achievement of the sales target provided by the organization. Achievable I want to earn $1,00,000 per year. Realistic I am focusing on attaining several management seminars so that I could able to enhance my management skill at the expected level. Time-specific I am giving myself 5 years for achieving the senior store manager position in a global retail organization. Table 2: Professional objectives (Source: As created by the author) Professional development plan: In order to become a senior store manager, I will have to gain fare share of experience in handling retail activities. I know that handling store operation is not an easy responsibility. It includes tasks like employee management, supplier management, customer service maintenance, evaluation of the entire sales report, identification of growth of the organization (Boezeman Ellemers, 2014). Thus, my career plan will have a systematic approach. Otherwise, it will be very difficult to fulfill all the objectives of my career development plan. I believe that continues good performance is the only key for success for any professional. Therefore, I will always try to make sure that I have over achieved the organizational target. I also give myself 5 years time in order to gain experience and skills in the related field. Furthermore, I will continuously focus on the skill development, as it is necessary to become a successful manager. Available opportunities: I believe working in the retail sector will allow me to interact with the customers on a daily basis. Therefore, it will enhance my communication skill. Therefore, I believe I can also able to excel in other industry as well. For instance, I believe experience in the retail sector will also help me to face the challenges of e-commerce industry as well. However, I do like to remain in the retail sector, as I found this a very challenging. Desired work life balance: Work life balance plays a significant role in creating satisfaction level of the employees (Goethals et al., 2014). I think it will be more comfortable for me, if organization provide me a flexible working hour. However, as I am an energetic healthy employee, it will not be very difficult for me to work under stretched working hour. References: Avolio, B. J., Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.). (2013).Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Beck, D. E., Cowan, C. (2014).Spiral dynamics: Mastering values, leadership and change. John Wiley Sons. Boezeman, E. J., Ellemers, N. (2014). Volunteer leadership: The role of pride and respect in organizational identification and leadership satisfaction.Leadership,10(2), 160-173. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Goethals, G., Allison, S., Kramer, R., Messick, D. (Eds.). (2014).Conceptions of leadership: Enduring ideas and emerging insights. Springer.

Mental Health in Adolescents Essay Example

Mental Health in Adolescents Essay Mental Health Service Use Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Major Depressive Disorder and Suicidality Amy H Cheung, M D Carolyn S Dewa, Objectives: Despite being recognized as a serious public health concern, suicidality among adolescents and young adults is frequently missed, and completed suicide remains the second leading cause of death for young Canadians. With such close links between depression, suicidality, and completed suicide, any intervention must address all 3 of these issues. However, to develop effective interventions, we must understand the types and rates of mental health service use among adolescents and young adults. This study examines service use rates in young Canadians with depression and suicidality and the influence of sex on the types of service provider chosen. Methods: We used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Weil-Being. Our sample included 619 individuals, aged 15 to 24 years, who screened positive for depression and suicidality in the past 12 months. We examined mental health service use rates in general and by provider type. Results: Among adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression, 40% had not used any mental health services. This rate was higher for adolescents with suicidality at 50%. In young adults aged 19 to 24 with depression, 42% had not used any mental health services. Among young adults with suicidality, 48% had not accessed services. Female adolescents and young adults were more likely to receive services from nonspecialty mental health providers. Conclusions: In Canada, many adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality do not receive mental health services. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health in Adolescents specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health in Adolescents specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Health in Adolescents specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Further, there may be a preferential treatment of young men by mental health specialists. Further research is needed to understand the quality of care received by these young Canadians and the factors influencing service use. (Can J Psychiatry 2007;52:228-232) Information on funding and support and author affiliations appears at the end of the article. Clinical Implications †¢ About 50% of adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality do not use mental health services. †¢ Strategies to increase service use in youth with depression are needed. Strategies to decrease differences between the sexes in service use are needed. Limitations †¢ The quality of care could not be examined from the CCHS 1. 2 data. †¢ The survey results were based on patient recall. †¢ Although this was a national population-based study, the sample size was small. 228 †¢ La Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, vol 52, no 4, avril 2007 Mental Health Service Use Among Adolesc ents and Young Adults With Major Depressive Disorder and Suicidality Key Words: adolescents, depression, suicidality, service use, young adults D pression and suicidality (ideation and attempts) among adolescents and young adults are frequently unrecognized and untreated by any health professionals. Not only are depression and suicidality often linked, but both pose a significant burden on patients and their families. Suicide is the second leading cause of death in youth aged 15 to 18 years, second only to motor vehicle accidents. ^ Further, almost 50% of teens who complete suicide have a diagnosable mood disorder, such as depression, and have expressed suicidality prior to completing suicide. ^^ There are also consistent differences between male and female adolescents, with male adolescents more likely to complete suicide and female adolescents more likely to have depression and suicidality. ^ Policy-makers, families, and providers have struggled to understand how to address this significant public health issue. A first step in addressing the issue is to understand the mental health service use pattems among adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality. Given the differences in prevalence rates between young men and women, it is also critical to understand the influence of sex on service use in this age group. have a form of depression. ^ Further, according to a biannual survey of youth in the United States, more than 16% of US teenagers have had thoughts about suicide, and 10% had actually attempted suicide in the previous 12 months. We found similar rates in Canada, with almost 20% of teens aged 15 to 18 years reporting suicidality in their lifetime. However, it is not known how many of these youth received mental health interventions. Given that depression and suicidality are so closely linked, it would be a reasonable first step to examine the rates of mental health service use among Canadian adolescents and young adults and, flirther, to look at which type of service provider they are seeing to address these problems. Therefore, this study examines the rates of service use in adolescents aged 15 to 18 and young adults aged 19 to 24 with depression and suicidality. We will also comment on how these service use rates could be used to develop policies targeted at this population. Methods Subjects The survey sample was drawn from the CCHS 1. 2. We examined a subsample of CCHS 1. 2 respondents aged 15 to 24 years. The total sample size for the CCHS 1. 2 is 36 984, with a sample size of 5646 for individuals between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Our subsample included 619 individuals who screened positive for a diagnosis of depression and (or) suicidality in the past 12 months. We examined the rates of mental health service use in general and according to provider type. Major Depressive Disorder. The diagnosis of MDD was evaluated in the CCHS 1. 2 through the use of structured interviews. The interview modules were drawn from the CIDI. ^ A diagnosis of MDD was derived from the CIDI. We used the 12-month estimates for MDD. Suicidality. Suicidal attempts and ideation were measured by using the questions on suicide in the depression section ofthe CCHS 1. 2 survey. Subjects were interviewed for suicidality regardless of their screen for depression. Although there are significant risk differences between those with suicidal ideation and those with attempts, we combined these 2 groups in our analyses because of Statistics Canada reporting rules regarding rare events. Service Use. Service use for MDD and suicidality was measured with mental health service use questions. All service use was measured according to provider and place of contact in the following groups: GPs (nonpsychiatrist medical doctors), psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers or counsellors, and other professionals, including nurses, religious counsellors (such as ministers or rabbis), and naturopaths or other alternative health care practitioners. Service use for each of the groups was defined according to use and nonuse. Statistical Analyses The CCHS 1. 2 uses a stratified design with differences in sampling fractions across the strata, with some geographical 229 Several studies have examined the rates of mental health service use by adolescents and young adults. However, most of these have been US-based studies. * These studies show that service use is less than 50% among adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24 years* and that up to 80% of children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years do not receive needed mental health services. Among adolescents with depression, 50% are not diagnosed prior to adulthood. * In Canada, the rates of depression and service use in Canadians aged 15 to 24 were examined in the Ontario Mental Health Supplement in the early 1990s, which found the rate of service use in this age group to be less than 50%. However, aside from the supplement, no other Canadian study has examined the rates of service use by young Canadians aged 15 to 24 with depression. Therefore, even with the increasing recognition by policymakers and service providers that depression poses a significant burden on our youth and their families, there is very little research furthering our understanding of this issue or helping to develop effective strategies to address it. Similarly, we know very little about young individuals with suicidality and their pattern of service use. US surveys have shown that more than 50% of youth who complete suicide Abbreviations used in this article CCHS 1. Cl CIDI GP MDD Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Heaith and Weli-Being confidence interval Composite International Diagnostic Interview general practicitioner major depressive disorder The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Voi 52, No 4, Aprii 2007 Original Research Table 1 Twelve-month service use rates by provider type among youth with major depression and sutcidality Any service % (95%CI) Psychiatrist % (95%CI) GP % (95%CI) Psychologist % (95%CI) Social worker or counsellor % (95%CI) Other provider % (95%CI) Respondents Adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. suffered from major depression Male Female 56. 3 (34. 4 to 78. 1) 55. 9 (40. 7 to 71. 1) 45. 5 (21. 2 to 69. 9) 21. 4 (11. 2 to 31. 6) 24. 6 (7. 2 to 42. 0) 30. 7 (17. 9 to 43. 6) 25. 2 (0. 5 to 49. 8) 16. 7 (7. 9 to 25. 5) 10. 8 (0. 9 to 20. 7) 39. 9 (24. 7 to 55. 0) 23. 9 (-0. 6 to 48. 3) 16. 4(8. 1 to 24. 8) Adults aged 19 to 24 years, suffered from major depression Men Women 52. 5 (37. 3 to 67. 8) 55. 6 (44. 3 to 66. 9) 28. 9 (15. 3 to 42. 5) 26. 1 (18. 0 to 34. 2) 37. (22. 2 to 51. 9) 45. 9 (35. 3 to 56. 5) 33. 9 (19. 2 to 48. 6) 21. 9 (13. 4 to 30. 5) 17. 6 (7. 8 to 27. 5) 29. 1 (20. 3 to 38. 0) 9. 5 (1. 9 to 17. 1) 21. 1 (12. 7 to 29. 5) Adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. suffered from suicidality Male Female 36. 5 (18. 4 to 54. 5) 49. 0 (38. 5 to 59. 5) 23. 3 (6. 3 to 40. 3) 19. 3 (10. 9 to 27. 7) 14. 7 (4. 4 to 25. 1) 27. 2 (17. 7 to 36. 7) 21. 7 (4. 5 to 38. 8) 21. 0 (12. 3 to 29. 8) 13. 2 (4. 2 to 22. 2) 31. 9(22. 1 to 41. 7) 16. 2 (-1. 1 to 33. 4) 15. 9 (8. 5 to 23. 3) Adults aged 19 to 24 years, suffered from suicidaiity Men Women 39. 5(27. 1 to 51. 9) 50. 8 (37. 0 to 64. 6) 22. 6 (12. 3 to 33. 0) 17. 5 (9. 6 to 25. 4) 27. 9 (16. 6 to 39. 1) 41. 3 (28. 3 to 54. 3) 24. 1 (10. 9 to 37. 3) 24. 6 (14. 0 to 35. 2) 12. 8 (4. 9 to 20. 7) 20. 8 (11. 6 to 30. 0) 9. 3 (2. 2 to 16. 4) 16. 2 (7. 0 to 25. 3) areas under- or overrepresented in the sample relative to their representation in the population. Therefore, we used the weights recommended by Statistics Canada when conducting analyses. Rates of service use for mental health reasons were calculated for subjects with MDD and (or) suicidality in the past 12 months. Service use rates were examined according to provider type and the sex ofthe subjects. Chi-square tests were conducted to examine for differences between young men and women with depression and (or) suicidality. Results Among adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression, 40% (95%CI, 28% to 53%) had not used any mental health services. The rate was higher for those with suicidality, at 50% (95%CI, 41% to 59%). Most adolescents and young adults with depression were either not accessing services at all or accessing services for their mental health problems through one provider. Among those aged 15 to 18 years, 22% (95%CI, 11% to 33%) accessed services through one provider, compared with 20% (95%CI, 14% to 27%) of those aged 19 to 24 years. Among young adults aged 19 to 24 years with depression, 42% (95%CI, 33% to 51%) had not used any health services for mental health reasons. For those with suicidality, 48% (95% CI, 39% to 5 8%) had not accessed services in the past 12 months. As with those with depression, most of our sample with suicidality either did not access services at all or accessed services through one provider. Among those aged 15 to 18 years with suicidality, 21% (95%CI, 14% to 28%) accessed services through one provider, compared with 22. 12% (95%CI, 14% to 30%) of those aged 19 to 24 years. 230 Differences between young men and women were not found in the overall use of mental health services. Service use by type of provider and sex are shown in Table 1. However, female adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression were more likely to use services from social workers and (or) counsellors, compared with male adolescents (female adolescents; 40% [95%CI, 25% to 55%]; male adolescents, 11% [95%CI, 1% to 21%]). Similarly, in young adults aged 19 to 24, a higher percentage of yotmg women saw social workers and (or) counsellors (women, 29% [95%CI, 20% to 38%]; men, 18% [95%CI, 8% to 28%]). For those with suicidality, female subjects in both age groups were more likely to use mental health services from GPs. Among those aged 15 to 18, 15% (95%CI, 4% to 25%) of male adolescents saw GPs, compared with 27% (95%CI, 18% to 37%) of female adolescents. Among those aged 19 to 24, 27. 9% (95%CI, 17% to 39%) of young men saw GPs, compared with 41% (95%CI, 28% to 54%) of young women. Overall, female adolescents and young adults with depression and (or) suicidality were more likely than male adolescents and young adults to use services from GPs (female subjects aged 15 to 18 years: x^ = 4. 53, dfl,P 0. 03; aged 19 to 24: X = 14. 88, df 1, P 0. 001) and from social workers and (or) ^ counsellors (aged 15to 18:^^=15. 54,dfl,P

Aes Hbs Case Study Essay Essay Example

Aes Hbs Case Study Essay Paper . Does this make sense as a way to do capital budgeting? Yes I think it makes sense as a way to do capital budgeting because under this kind of model it does have considered all of business as well as country specific risks. It will make the company’s budgeting decisions more accurate. However, under this method it will be unlikely for the company to continue to do the investment in developing countries in the future since all of those countries have very high discount rates. If so, it will undermine AES’s diversification of its revenue stream and therefore hurt the company’s long-term growth ability. 4. How big a value difference does this new approach make to the Pakistan project? Therefore under this new approach, the present value of Pakistan project will decrease 37. 4%. 5. How do these costs of capital modifications translate into changed probabilities in terms of real events? If AES adopts this type of budgeting model, it will be unlikely for the management as well as shareholders to pursue the project with high risks in developing countries, such as the one in Pakistan. According to the chart in the answer of Question NO. 2, we can clearly observe that all of the developing countries have very high WACCs. In other words, given the high discount rates and associated risks, it is very possible for AES to do its business in the country with lower risk and lower WACC in order to maximize the value of investment in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Aes Hbs Case Study Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Aes Hbs Case Study Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Aes Hbs Case Study Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Effects of underage drinking on the academic development of teenagers

Effects of underage drinking on the academic development of teenagers Abstract This paper attempts to investigate the effects of underage drinking on the academic development of the teenagers. In effect the question which is posed in this research seeks to investigate the severity of the effects of alcohol abuse on the school attendance of the teenagers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of underage drinking on the academic development of teenagers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The effects which arise as a result of underage drinking and which ultimately affects their academic development impact on three areas. One of the possible areas that alcohol abuse impacts on is the teenager’s brain development. It has been argued that it is during adolescence that the part of the human brain responsible for the regulation of emotion develops. The other possible effect of alcohol abuse is on the personality of the teenager. This is because alcohol has a way of inhibiting rational thinking. As a result the person concerned reacts to very minor problems in anger, he is always anxiety as well as developing dependence on alcohol which ends up hurting his progress academically. At the same time, the students find it very difficult to relate to figures in authority. In addition, alcohol abuse has an effect on the learning ability of the students. This is as a result of the fact that alcohol abuse can severely impair the part of the brain which is responsible for memory due to the fact that the human brain at this stage is very vulnerable. The rationale of the study is to investigate the effects of underage drinking on the academic development of the teenagers. This will provide critical information which can be used to craft the necessary policies in order to address this problem. The method used in this research to collect the information is by use of questionnaire. This was used to collect the information about the extent of the effects of underage dri nking on the academic development of the teenagers. Introduction It is has been noted that teenagers who start taking alcohol have a problem in as far as their academic development is concerned. For this reason it is important that the parents play an active role in the lives of their children; by giving them sound advice and also ensuring that they act as appropriate role models.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This sometimes entails being protective and keeping track of the company that the teenager keeps as well as the places which they visit. This will in turn make the child accountable and he is likely to keep away from the places and the company that the parents disapprove (Gifford 2009). According to Gifford (2009), if the parents do not advise their teenagers appropriately, they are likely to get the wrong information from the media as well as from their pee rs. It has been pointed out that the time that the teenager spends taking alcohol could be used more constructively in academic pursuits. Additionally, Myers and Isralowitz (2011) argue that the teenagers are more likely to be adversely affected by alcohol abuse more than adults would. This is because it is during the adolescence stage that the brain develops and any disruption on this development is likely to have very detrimental effect on the life of that teenager. It is the responsibility of the parents, teachers, government as well as any other relevant stakeholders to ensure that the teenagers are sufficiently protected to ensure that they do not engage in underage drinking. Therefore, alcohol drinking in teenagers has an effect of adversely affecting the ability of the teenagers to develop academically as it disrupts their learning ability. Literature review Effects of underage drinking on Development According to Hannigan et al. (1999), there are various stages in human deve lopment. The stages can be enumerated as-childhood, adolescence and then the transition into adulthood. It has been argued that alcohol abuse starts during early adolescence and then levels off when the teenagers are getting into their twenties. Alcohol abuse in teenagers has an effect of affecting their character and behavior. According to Galanter (2005), some behaviors that can help a parent in identifying whether the teenager has been initiated in alcohol abuse include: the teenager has a problem in interacting with others, poor self control, problem with depression, and also extreme shyness.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Effects of underage drinking on the academic development of teenagers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These signs could point out to the possibility that the teenagers could be engaging in alcohol abuse and this could have a profound effect on his development. It can also be argued that those teenagers who have extreme behavioral and personality disorders are the ones who are more likely to develop alcohol disorders even in adulthood. According to Castillo (2009), it can also be argued that children who have been brought up in families which have conducive environment are less likely to engage in alcohol abuse. This conducive family environment is fostered by parents who are responsive to the needs of their children. This in turns helps the parents to be attentive to the behavior of their children and to be in a better position to rectify errant behavior including underage drinking. Conversely those children who are brought up in dysfunctional families are more likely to engage in underage drinking with very disastrous effects. In addition, those teenagers who are brought up in families whose parents are struggling with alcohol disorders are more likely to engage in teenage drinking. It has also been pointed out that during the adolescence stage teenagers star ts to identify more with their peers. It is at this stage that these peers might start to pressurize the teenager to conform to the negative practices prevalent in the peer group. This negative behavior may include alcohol and drug abuse. The teenagers may resort to engage in alcohol abuse so that they can gain acceptance in the group (Park 2008). According to Bonnie and O’Connell (2004), there are two major factors which might influence the teenager to engage in alcohol abuse. These factors are: environmental influences and genetic influences. In early adolescence stage when the teenager is being initiated in alcohol drinking the factors which are likely to come into play are the environmental factors. However, in late adolescent stages the factors which are more likely to influence the likelihood of alcohol abuse are the genetic influences. These genetic influences could be specifically related to alcohol abuse or have an influence on the character of the teenager that can predispose him to engage in alcohol abuse.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Tsuang and Stone (2007), it is also known that the different regions of the brain do not all develop at the same time. Regions like the one responsible for regulation of emotions develop during the period of early adolescence. This is because the hormones which are responsible for the development of this region are also the same ones which set the stage for one to get into puberty. On the other hand, the frontal cortex which is responsible for self regulation and decision making develops with time even after the end of the adolescence stage. This is the reason why the adolescence stage is marked by heightened emotions with very little control over ones actions. This sets the stage for alcohol abuse especially if the youth is not properly mentored and guided by the parents. Another factor which predisposes the teenagers to alcohol abuse is the differences in alcohol sensitivity between the adolescents and the adults. It has been proven that the adolescents are less likel y to feel the effects of alcohol abuse acutely as compared to the adults. This explains why the teenagers can engage in much heavier heavy drinking without feeling the same level of physiological effects experienced by the adults. This in effect implies that the teenagers are more likely to engage in heavy drinking which has the effect of impairing their development process (Tsuang and Stone 2007). Myers and Isralowitz (2011) claim that alcohol abuse in teenagers is likely to affect: school attendance, the development of the brain, concentration, and the relationships that the teenager has with the parents and peers. All these effects will have a profound effect on the future of the teenagers in becoming productive members of the society. Additionally, it is argued that the teenagers who engage in underage drinking are more likely to engage in alcohol abuse in adulthood and possibly develop dependence on alcohol. It is also known that adolescents are more prone to the negative effec ts on memory due to alcohol abuse as compared to the adults. Research has also shown that teenagers are also more susceptible to brain damage than the adults. Effects of underage drinking on personality According to Goldberg (2005), alcohol abuse has a way of impacting on our personality adversely. If alcohol abuse is allowed to go on for long it often leads to depression, anxiety and anger. The most unfortunate thing is that the consumption of alcohol may inhibit the ability of the person to reflect on his actions thereby making him to act on the above mentioned negative traits with often very disastrous effects. Teenagers who engage in alcohol abuse may become withdrawn and generally unwilling to be part of the society. Alcohol abuse has the ability to turn a very gentle person into a very unreasonable one. However, the concerned person might not even be aware of the changes and even in instances where they are aware they may even deny that they have a problem therefore making it very difficult for the concerned person to request for professional assistance. According to Reiss et al. (1993), alcohol abuse affects the way we react to normal occurrences; the person who has been affected tends to overreact when faced with very minor problems. On the other hand, when faced with very major problem the person often resorts to anger and physical abuse. During the initiation stage in alcohol abuse, a person may realize that he is somewhat in control of how much beer that he consumes. However, if the person persists in alcohol abuse he is very likely to develop dependence on alcohol such that he cannot be able to engage in any activity without consuming alcohol. In fact, the problem may persist until he gets to a point where he cannot solve any problem but actually turns to alcohol abuse to avoid the responsibility of having to face his responsibilities head on. Furthermore, the person gets to a point where he takes alcohol in order to alleviate depression. According to Schuckit (2005), instead of alcohol helping to lessen depression, it might actually lead to more depression. This is because the person develops tolerance to alcohol such that he requires more alcohol each time in order to alleviate the depression. Alcohol is also known to have an effect of lessening anxiety. In fact, it is argued that when alcohol is taken in moderation it might help in calming the nerves. Nonetheless, when the consumption of alcohol exceeds a particular amount it might actually result into more anxiety. This forms a vicious cycle in that the person has to engage in more drinking in order to alleviate the anxiety. Finally, in the process the person might actually develop dependence on alcohol. According to Schuckit (2005), alcohol abuse results to a situation where the person actually shifts his goals in life such that everything revolves around alcohol. Consumption of alcohol becomes the most important thing in that person’s life. Everything else just f ades into comparison. If it is a teenager he might actually neglect his studies which impacts negatively on his academic pursuits and on his ability to become a productive member of the society. This heavy dependence on alcohol has an effect of affecting the relationship that the person has with those who are close to him like the family and friends. As a result when confronted with a very small problem, the person will most likely react by being violent. This is because alcohol ends up impairing his ability to think rationally therefore resulting to those angry and violent outbursts. Alcohol abuse has an effect on the learning process of the person concerned. This is because inhibits the synthesis of proteins in the neurons of the brain which is crucial in the encoding of new information. This can result to a situation where the person easily gets disoriented with loud noises and bright lights. Learning process may also be hampered by the dependency that comes along with alcohol ab use. This is because the person must always consume alcohol in order to perform even the most basic of all tasks. In addition, alcohol affects the ability of the person to get sufficient sleep. This is because alcohol interferes with the sleeping pattern such that if the person is disturbed while sleeping he is not likely to resume sleeping. Effects of underage drinking on the Learning process Ammerman et al. (1999), adduces that the adolescent brain is more susceptible to alcohol. In fact, is argued that the teenagers are more likely to suffer from dysfunctional memory as a result of the effects of alcohol abuse. This can have a significant effect on the learning capability of the teenagers. It is claimed that the most severe neurological damage on teenagers as a result of alcohol damage occurs in the region in the brain which is responsible for learning and memory. This ultimately implies that underage drinking has the effect of hampering the learning ability and intellectual deve lopment of the adolescents. Other effects that might affect the learning ability of the adolescents are the sleep disturbance, depression, as well as alcohol intoxication and withdrawal symptoms. All these factors might contribute to the deterioration of the academic performance of the concerned students. Alcohol abuse also affects the ability of the students to attend classes regularly as well as derailing the students from being able to catch up on their schoolwork. This arrested intellectual development occurring during adolescence stage is likely to persist even in adulthood. Consequently, it is advocated that the teenagers should be protected against the promotions and advertisement which tends to glorify alcohol consumption in order to preclude them against engaging in alcohol consumption which ultimately lead to alcohol abuse. Methodology The method used in the collection of the relevant data is by use of questionnaire. It seeks to investigate the effects of alcohol abuse wit h regard to school attendance. The questionnaire is in form of questions. The questions posed in the questionnaire include: The severity of the effects of alcohol abuse on the school attendance of the teenagers affected by alcohol abuse. The respondents were supposed to rate the effects of alcohol abuse on a scale of between one and ten. With one representing the least severe effect and ten used to denote the most severe. The respondents selected for the purpose of this research were drawn from diverse field with the majority being drawn from the education sector. The sampling method used in drawing the participants is the probability sampling method where all the members of the selected population had an equal chance of being selected to participate in the study (McBurney and White 2009). This was intended to avoid bias. In addition, the respondents were drawn such that there was equal representation of male and females. The objective of this research was to gather information on t he severity of the effects of drug abuse on the affected underage drinkers. This was informed by the fact that inability of the students to attend class due to alcohol abuse has a profound effect on their academic development. This has an effect of affecting the future of these teenagers to become useful members of the society (Ammerman et al.1999). Results and discussion The results of the research indicated that the majority of the respondents believed that alcohol abuse had severe effects on the school attendance of the affected students. This is because it has been proven that alcohol abuse is one of the leading cases that cause drop outs among the students. This has a detrimental effect on the ability of the students to exert themselves in academic pursuits. This is exacerbated by the fact that alcohol abuse leads to inability by the affected students to consistently attend classes as well as catch up on their school work. At the same time, the student spends a lot of time deal ing with the hangover which comes with drug abuse. Another reason why the academic development might be hampered is because of the negative effect that the alcohol abuse could have on the brain development of the concerned teenagers (Thatcher 2011). Moreover, according to Christine Bichler (2000), alcohol use affects decision making which can result in poor choices that influence everything from physical and mental health to relationships with friends, family, and peers, as well as work and study habits and other habits that affect your (teens) future (p. 8). At the same time, the dependence that comes with alcohol abuse results to a situation where the student cannot concentrate in class unless he consumes alcohol. It can be concluded that the older members of the society have failed to act as effective role models and this have had an effect of encouraging the teenagers to engage in alcohol abuse. It has been pointed out that alcohol abuse is one of the top reasons why teenagers d rop out of school. In fact it has been reported that about half of the high school students claim to have taken alcohol at least once. One of the most notable sign which indicate that the teenager is engaging in underage drinking is a drop in academic performance in school. This is exacerbated by failure to attend all the classes as well as the fact that those teenagers have a problem in dealing with figures of authority like the teachers. In addition, this drop in performance can be attributed to the fact that the teenagers often gets in trouble at home due to his failure to abide by the laid down rules at home. Alcohol abuse is also the avenue which ushers in the teenagers to engage in consumption of other hard drugs like marijuana and cocaine (Torr 2002). Conclusion In order to ensure that the teens do not engage in underage drinking, it is important that early intervention strategies should be instituted to ensure that those teenagers who are more likely to engage in underage dr inking are well catered for to ensure that they do not engage in it. At the same time, all the stakeholders who are involved in the development of the child should be enlightened on what signs they should look out for in a teenager who engages in alcohol abuse. This will help them to offer the necessary support and help to those teenagers to help them to stop alcohol abuse. Another strategy that can be used to prevent the teenagers against engaging in alcohol abuse is educating them on the dangers of drug abuse. This training should entail teaching the teenagers about the positive coping skills in order to prevent them from engaging in alcohol abuse. Some of the stakeholders who can contribute in educating the youth about the dangers of alcohol abuse include the churches and community agencies. All in all, everybody in the community needs to get involved in protecting the teenagers against alcohol abuse with a view to enabling them to be achieve their academic pursuits. It has been noted that the effects of the alcohol abuse on the teenagers impacts on their social development, their personality as well as on their learning development. All these have a great bearing on the ability of the teenagers to advance academically. At the same time, alcohol abuse impairs the ability of the teenagers to be able to concentrate fully in class or even while studying. However, another interesting thing to note is that alcohol abuse creates dependence which impedes on the ability of the person concerned to be able to face life challenges with a view to looking for solution. Consequently, this impacts on the ability of the person to be able to exert and work hard in school in order to succeed academically. In order to reduce the likelihood of the teenagers engaging in alcohol abuse the teachers and parents should cooperate and ensure that all the students get the right information on alcohol abuse. At the same time, the government should step in and ensure that all the advert isement that seeks to encourage underage drinking should be eliminated. Reference List Ammerman, R. Ott, P. and Tarter, R. (1999). Prevention and societal impact of drug and alcohol abuse. Mahwah, NJ: Taylor Francis. Bichler, C. (2000). Teen Drinking. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Bonnie, R. and OConnell, M. (2004). Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Castillo, K. (2009). The Causes That Lead Teenagers to Drug and Alcohol Abuse. Norderstedt, Germany: GRIN Verlag. Galanter, M (2005). Alcohol Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults. Newyork, NY: Plenum Publishers. Gifford, M. (2009). Alcoholism. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. Goldberg, R. (2005). Drugs across the spectrum. Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Hannigan, J. Spear, L. and Spear, N. (1999). Alcohol and alcoholism: effects on brain and development. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. McBurney, D. and White, T. (2009). Research Methods. Be lmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Myers, P. and Isralowitz, R. (2011). Alcohol. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. Park, J (2008). Korean American adolescents alcohol abuse. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest LLC. Reiss, A. Roth, J and Miczek, K. (1993). Understanding and Preventing Violence: Social influences. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Schuckit, M. (2005). Drug and Alcohol Abuse: A Clinical Guide to Diagnosis And Treatment, New York, NY: Springer. Thatcher, R. (2011). Thinkin Drinkin: From the Teen Years Forward: A Rational, Safe, Worry-Free Approach to Lifetime Alcohol Use or Abstinence. Bloomington, IN: Balboa Press. Torr, J. (2002). Teens and alcohol. Chicago, IL: Greenhaven Press. Tsuang, M. and Stone, W. (2007). Recognition And Prevention of Major Mental and Substance Use Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Common Sense 1776 by Thomas Paine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Common Sense 1776 by Thomas Paine - Essay Example According to the story, Henry cannot afford any investment since he is a pauper and has no experience in business matters. However, things took a different turn when he met and fell in love with Portia. Investment’s intelligence dawn on him because of his quest to retain his love and secure their future; this help him invest the million pounder bill wisely. Twain’s short story to keep one’s capital flowing could be compared to keeping aspiration and ambition alive till one achieve the objective. Henry as an individual could have not made the investment succeed if the quest to continue loving and staying with Portia was absent. Keeping one’s capital moving simply implies striving to secure what one really desire no matter the odds. The story conceives capital as sources of inspiration that enable one succeed if properly harnessed and used purposefully. The capital for Henry was his quest and worries about keeping his love though a million was there if this quest was absent then investment could have collapse or better still not started. 3. Answer According to Thorstein Veblen, â€Å"pecuniary emulation†Ã‚  Ã‚   means the behavior in which people try to emulate other people who are socially well off. Pecuniary emulation is simply the state where one strives to equal or surpass the other in terms of wealth. He observes that as people increasingly acquire wealth, their social class and lifestyles changes. The hierarchy of needs progresses as one satisfies one level and the last one is to achieve luxury more than anybody else. As these aspects of their lives change, they are seen by others to live decently and comfortably. They act as role models as those who envy them try to emulate their behavior and lifestyles. As a result, they try to improve on their earnings and acquire things that closely resemble those of the high people in the society.   The best mode of display this is through luxurious lifestyle since basic provision a nd standard living is hard to measure. Veblen acknowledges that luxurious lifestyle is the best mode of surpassing those ahead and greatly enlarging the gap between those below. 4. B. Answer The repeated saying from â€Å"The Way to Wealth† that ’Tis easier to suppress the first Desire, than to satisfy all that follow it† means that it is easy to avoid the first desire to take a debt and either invest it or spend. Theoretically it is very easy to resist desire; however, practical life endeavors negate the theoretical assumptions. The old man keeps repeating the advice since he knows people take it lightly due to theoretical assumptions. However, after the first desire has overcome an individual and falls into the trap, it is impossible to from seeking debt. It all begins with the first debt and others follow, creating a chain of other debts that are insatiable. The repetition suggests the author’s desire to make this advice known to people by insisting on it. Repetition of the old man is a form of emphasis so that the advice is taken seriously and

The Importance of Learning Discipline in School Essay

The Importance of Learning Discipline in School - Essay Example The Importance of Learning Discipline in School Learning is an important element is schools and basically involves the promotion of discipline I various form. The attitude that a child is given at a young age to a great extend influences the study patterns and especially at a young age. There are some who feel we stop being creative, or are sitting in a classroom learning the same thing we would be better off learning on our own in an unstructured setting. This is true to some extent, but in every job and every career there are tasks that are boring or hard to do. Many people will take jobs that are boring or hard, but the ones that will give them an income for their entire lives if they are willing to work for it. The education a student receives in school should be the basis for their willingness to get up every day and go to work and earn some living no matter how hard the job is. Students go to school so that they may gain some disciplines needed in their careers, they are also learning how they should maintain their jobs even if it is a hard one. The discipline to get and go to school and do the homework is the same discipline that is needed to get up and go to work every day. It is valuable to have discipline no matter what we are trying to complete. The schoo l gives us a way to learn discipline. It would be nice if the world were made up of jobs that only had parts that were fun to complete. For instance , if the jobs would be fun like watching video games, movies or spending time with friends everyone would like to complete his or hers. Unfortunately jobs have parts that are too boring, or ones that are difficult. There are ones that we just don`t like to do, but to get a degree we must complete the courses. So we force ourselves to go to the classes and do the homework. In the process we learn to discipline ourselves. There is a reward at the end, a diploma and the possibilities of the careers. What our education includes is the discipline we learned that apply to our career that will help us to succeed. Not everyone manages to get through public school, let alone college. Some students lose interest in school. Students that drop out of high school lose many opportunities to get a good paying job. They struggle to keep even low paying jobs that they have no interest in. What they have lacked is the discipline they would have learned if they could have completed their school course. In john Holts article `` school is bad for children’’, he talks about why students lose interest and give up, never learning why an education is good and missing out on the discipline that comes with it. `` If we don’t make you read, you won`t, and if you don’t do it exactly the way we tell you can't’’, John Halt. In short, he comes to feel that learning is a passive process, something that someone else does for you, instead of something you do for yourself (Holt 64. The point being that the school is the one that instills the entire discipline one need in his career and this is just done through learning. Holt goes on to explain in more how schools not only do not teach discipline, but in still other bad qualities in students. He refers to a student; `` He learns to be lazy†¦ how not to work’’ (Holt 65). Holt’s articles are trying to get the points across that given the right circumstances at school that a student would learn on their own. They would learn the discipline through their own curiosity about the world. Of course, it is the job of the school to teach discipline though parents have a lot of control whether the students learn discipline or not. They are the children first example of how to go about learning discipline. The parents should encourage their children to go to school. In Lynda’

Port strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Port strategy - Essay Example In the year 2005, UNESCAP and TTD (The Transport and Tourism Division) comprised of almost 600 ports, globally. In the year 2002, GTO operated approximately 55% of total global port terminals (Rossignol, 2007). Source: (Rossignol, 2007). Since 2002, the larger port operator companies comprise of the larger market share and are increasing at reasonable rate. In the year 2005, the GTO’s share in port had increased to 58%. The capacity of goods in ports had risen by 11.3% which was calculated as 399 million TEU from 2004–2005. The high market share of GTO indicates the importance of port services globally. In 2006, it was found that GTO terminals possessed 81% of the largest cranes with more than 22 rows (Rossignol, 2007). Source: (Rossignol, 2007). The above table shows the major port operator companies throughout the world in the year 2005. Strategies of Major Port Operators The port operators had experienced tough dynamic business environment. This increased the need of merger and acquisition of small terminal and establishment of new terminal system. As a consequence, many port operators had implemented horizontal and vertical assimilation strategies. The motive for merger and acquisition strategies is to expand the business, market share, and economies–of–scale and attain the leading position. In the year 2009, HPH (Hutchison Port Holdings) was the market leader for port shipment and PSA (Port of Singapore Authority) was in the second position with regard to total hectare. This highlights the aggressive growth related strategy for obtaining terminal. The acquisition takes place in the lower market that possesses strong growth... In past, many port operators had restructured their port and begun to relocate operations and proprietorship to the private sector. The critical part in restructuring is that the government must make sure that the ports are managed effectively. It has been seen that private corporations have stronger encouragement to control resources competently than public organisations. The reason is that private companies are greatly exposed in the competition and there is less vulnerability of political intrusion. The restructuring had helped PSA and HHLA to gain insight about how to achieve more competitive and efficient ports. It directly benefits the employees and the neighbouring countries. Port restructuring provides convincing means to increase both political and monetary autonomies. There are three motives behind restructuring of ABP ports. The first motive is the limited competition and higher cost of port services. The second motive is to remain competitive with other European ports tha t had swiftly adjusted according to market condition and adopted advanced technology such as containerisation. The final motive is that under the control of government the port’s access was restricted i.e. it was unable to diversify into other profitable businesses. The restructuring helped to remove these limitations of ABP.

Benefits of the Holistic Approach to Care

Benefits of the Holistic Approach to Care Zekiye Hamit M1: Review the benefits to the individuals and professional staff of taking a holistic approach to planning support. D1: Analyse reasons for working with professionals from more than one agency when planning support for individuals Introduction In this assignment, I will interview a health and social care professional practitioner to review the benefits to service users and practitioners of taking a holistic approach to planning support. I will create ten questions to ask the professional practitioner and evaluate her answers by providing the strengths and weaknesses of their responses. In addition, in this assignment, I will examine in depth the reasons for working in a multi-disciplinary team when planning support for service users. I interviewed 42 year old Lisa who is a manager at star primary school. Interview Questions: What types of service do you offer to service users? As an early years practitioner I work with children from the ages of three to five. I plan, prepare and carry out activities that meet the requirements of the early years foundation stage (EYFS). Essentially this consists of developing work schemes and lesson plans to encourage and inspire young children, while using resources and techniques to aid a stimulating environment. I help to enhance young children’s physical, intellectual, emotional and social development according to age appropriate milestones, while also providing a secure environment for young children to learn and develop. I build and maintain relationships with children and their families as well as working an in multi-disciplinary team to ensure the needs of each individual’s child are met. Lastly, I record independent observations of each child’s progress and reaching of particular millstones, in which enables me to communicate this with families of their child’s progress. How long have you been a health and social care practitioner? I have an early year’s practitioner for the past 11 years and have been promoted to the manager’s role for the past 6 years. What responsibilities do you have? As an early years practitioner my day to day responsibilities entail; inspiring and stimulating childrens learning skills providing pastoral care and support to young children and providing them with a safe environment to learn and develop developing and producing visual aids and teaching resources organising learning materials and resources and making imaginative use of resources supporting with the development of childrens personal/social and language abilities encouraging childrens skills and intellectual development through stories, songs, games, drawing, imaginative play etc developing childrens curiosity and knowledge working with others practitioners to plan and coordinate work both indoors and outdoors sharing knowledge with other professionals and children’s families observing, assessing and recording each childs progress attending in-service training making sure the health and safety of children and staff is maintained throughout activities, both inside and outside the setting through risk assessments keeping up to date with any changes in the curriculum and developments in early years practices How do you define holistic care? Essentially the holistic concept considers the whole person rather than just aspects for example, physical development. The different aspects that need to be considered include; physical, intellectual, emotional, social, cultural and spiritual. Do you use the holistic approach? As a manager I must ensure that I reinforce to the staff within the setting, the importance of providing holistic care to meet individual children’s needs. As regular staff meetings take place, we discuss a child’s case and ensure that we consider all aspects that can affect a child. These elements are; physical, intellectual, emotional, social, cultural and spiritual. Using the holistic approach to meet children’s individual needs enables service users to feel positive about the services offered and enables practitioners to fulfil their job role effectively. How do you apply this approach to your services? The planning of daily schedules is differentiated to meet the needs of all children. Early years care workers are highly likely to operate a key worker system in which each member of staff being responsible for a certain number of children or individual. These duties include taking notes specifically about the child/children and communicate these parents/family members and to add to the records. In addition, early year’s staff may use a wide range of activities to encourage learning and development. These activities are based on the government requirements which meet the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) of the National Curriculum, they include different themes to develop all stages of development which are physical, intellectual, emotional and social and link these to expected age milestones. Creative activities/themes encourage acquisition of knowledge and skills of children. What are the benefits of using the holistic approach? When professional staffs apply the holistic approach to their daily practice, there are a number of benefits. The holistic approach enables practitioners to understand and meet the requirements of service users, as they consider all elements of one’s health (physical, intellectual, emotional, social, cultural and spiritual). As a result, they will analyse care plans more efficiently. Practitioners will ask service users to develop their concerns, to enhance their understanding and meet their needs holistically as well as have a relationship based on trust. By practitioners having an understanding and having recognition of the holistic approach enables practitioners to put into practice and meet service user’s needs holistically. As a consequence, this promotes holistic care, reinforces that individuals differentiate from one another, reinforces and promotes laws, policies and codes of practice, enables staff to apply the care value base and provide effective outcomes wi thin their practice. Moreover, practitioners fulfil their job role by, meeting the requirements of the curriculum, laws, polices and codes of practice, developing their personal knowledge and skills (effective communication and team work skills), have a positive influence on service users growth and development. Having years of experience enables practitioners to feel more confident and comfortable when delivering services and helps them to develop and maintain good relationships with service user’s based on trust. When professional staffs apply the holistic approach to their daily practice, there are many benefits to the service users. By professional practitioners applying the holistic approach to their interaction with service users, an outcome service user’s feel empowered to make decisions as they feel they are being listened to. Therefore, close relationships based on trust and a general interest is developed between practitioners and service users, in which service users feel less vulnerable. Service users receive individualised care, have their needs met holistically, children will develop speech, language as well as the main developmental areas (physical, intellectual, emotional and social milestones). Furthermore, service users are more likely to have a positive experience when accessing the service provided, if a positive relationships is developed with the staff service users will feel more comfortable as they are in ‘experienced hands’. Also, service users feel more confident about asking for support if they feel that they will receive support in a non-judgmental and productive way. When service users receive holistic care, they have access to many opportunities and recourses available, which all contribute to developing their identity and individuality and results in a faster recovery as their individual needs are met holistically. How do you define a multi-disciplinary team? Multi-disciplinary teams refer to a number of professional practitioners from different agencies combining their skills and expertise to meet the needs of a service user. For example, early years practitioners may work with a speech therapist who treats speech defects and disorders, if I child is experiencing these symptoms within the nursery setting. How does working in a multidisciplinary team benefit service users? Professional practitioners combine their skills and expertise to meet the needs of service users, when service users require special needs or is experiencing difficulties, they will need to work with external agencies. For example, early years practitioners may work with a speech therapist who treats speech defects and disorders, if I child is experiencing these symptoms within the early years setting. What are the benefits for professional staff of using different professionals when providing holistic care to service users? There are a number of reasons for working with other professionals from more than one agency when planning support for service users. Essentially, the implementation of legislations and policies have increased and promoted multi-disciplinary teams within health and social care organisations. The aim of these laws and policies were to break down barriers faced within working practices. Statistics suggest that working in teams have decreased the overall stress than individuals working alone. Also, health and social care practitioners are less likely to leave their job, as they are supported by other professional staff within their team and essentially motivate them. Working in teams prevents duplication of roles and conflict of duties, as team work allows and promotes effective communication and in conciliation of effective job roles. Multi-disciplinary teams provide effective social support for all professional staff within the team, as they have the ability to support each other prac tically and emotionally during stressful and complex periods. Furthermore, multi-disciplinary teams enhance co-operation within the health and social care practices. As a result this promotes positive attitudes and co-operation when interacting with other staff and service users. Teams can safeguard professionals from negative effects that may occur in their working practice. When multi-disciplinary teams consist of diverse professional practitioners, this enhances the different views from each team member, that are required to be discussed and results in effective decisions to be taken to support service users needs at a higher quality. Multi-disciplinary teams that have clear aims, objectives, high levels of involvement, stresses on quality and support for alteration, give high quality patient care. Essentially, teams establish innovations when providing patient care. The feature of meetings, communication and combination processes within health care teams, adds to the beginning o f new and enhanced methods of providing patient care. Clear leadership i.e. managers role within teams add to effective team processes, to effective quality patient care, and to innovation. Conclusion Within health and social care there are a number of advantages and disadvantages to both professional practitioners and service users when taking a holistic approach to planning support. It is vital that health and social care practitioners are aware of the disadvantages and try their best to reduce these. This will ensure that both the practitioners feel positive about the service they offer and the service users feel positive about the service they have accessed. Furthermore, the reasons that I have analysed within this assignment therefore recognise and promote the benefits of working with a number of professionals from different agencies to support service users. Health and social care practices consist of health care teams to ensure the contribution to effectiveness and innovation and their daily practice delivery and add to the each members of the team’s well-being in a positive way. Bibliography Health and Social Care Book 1 BTEC National LEVEL 3 Series Editors: Beryl Stretch and Mary Whitehouse (Published 2010) Unit 9 Values and Planning in Social Care (pages 1-11) PDF Team working and effectiveness in Health Care [Online] http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/jeanc/DOH-glossy-brochure.pdf [Accessed: 1st December 2014] CommunityCare Inspiring excellence in social care (2008) Multidisciplinary teams [Online] http://www.communitycare.co.uk/2008/06/19/multidisciplinary-teams/ [Accessed: 1st December 2014] Page | 1 Christ The King Sixth Form College

Renewable Energys Role In Future Energy Security Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy has become the lifeblood of the modern economic systems, without which the universe will come to a practical deadlock ; it is cardinal to the betterment of life conditions around the universe. For developed states, dependable energy fuels the engineerings and services that enrich and extend life. Energy powers advanced computing machines, improved transit, expanded communications, up-to-date medical equipment and processs, and much more. For developing states, spread outing dependable and low-cost supplies of energy supports and even accelerates alterations that improve and salvage lives. Reliable energy agencies expanded industry, modern agribusiness, increased trade and improved transit. These are constructing blocks of economic growing that create the occupations that help people escape poorness and make better lives for their kids. [ Santiago Exxon ] As the population of the universe additions and the economical state of affairs of developing states better, authoritiess are confronting the enormous challenge of run intoing the universe ‘s turning energy demands while cut downing the impact of energy usage on the environment. Today, approximately 1.5 billion people lack entree to electricity [ Santiago Exxon ] . Even more lack modern cookery and warming fuels. It is expected that the planetary energy demand in 2030 will be about 35 per centum higher than in 2005, where growing will be led by rapid enlargement in non-OECD states such as China and India, where energy use will lift by about 65 per centum. At the same clip, demand will be peculiarly intense for electric power coevals, which will consist 40 per centum of planetary energy demand by 2030. Figure 1. Global Energy Demand 2005-2030 by Type [ Santiago Exxon ] Electricity will play such an of import function in the development of the universe traveling frontward, that any lethargy in the growing of the electricity industry could throw one state far behind other parts in industrial, economic and societal growing. It is a primary input factor on which the advancement of the economic system of a state depends. Full use of other input factors, such as work force, land including irrigation, and capital-related resources of an economic system depend upon the handiness of electricity [ Santiago Hindu ] . In other words, it is non merely a cardinal input factor but it besides plays a strategic function in using to the full the other resources towards the advancement of the economic system. Figure 2. Global Energy Demand by Sector [ Santiago Exxon ] In add-on, electricity has become an indispensable factor in bettering the societal conditions and public assistance of people. It is the most indispensable and critical ingredient for the growing of the state in the societal, industrial, commercial, and agricultural sectors. The function of power sector in economic development is so enormous that economic experts frequently set up a one-to-one correspondence between energy and economic development, that ‘s why it has been good recognized as ‘the industry of industries ‘ or the as the ‘mother industry ‘ [ Santiago Hindu ] . Because of its importance, the electricity industry deserves precedence in development and necessary support for sustainability during the planning procedure of authoritiess.1.2. DebatableAs outlined in the old subdivision, energy has become important in the development of states around the universe, both economically and socially. The importance of energy in the future scheme of states has led to the creative activity of the term â€Å" Energy Security † , which is relates to the ability of each state to vouch the energy supply for its dwellers towards the hereafter. The World Energy Assessment study defines energy security as ‘the uninterrupted handiness of energy in varied signifiers in sufficient measures at sensible monetary values ‘ ( Adrian 2 ) . Several considerations have motivated states to follow an Energy Security policy: Energy must be supplied to all citizens, if non an unsustainable state of affairs could originate Energy up to a certain degree ( ‘lifeline energy ‘ ) is a basic necessity and should be provided to everyone, whether they can pay for it or non, if non environmental debasement will happen Effective demand ( demand backed by ability to pay at market determined monetary values ) must be met to the full, if non instability between rich and hapless will be created Safe, convenient energy is more desirable than traditional fuels due to wellness impact Energy should be available at all clip, if non high cost on economic system and damaging consequence to human wellbeing If demand is non met at competitory monetary values, economic system will be affected In the yesteryear, energy security was seen as the security of oil supplies, whereas more late OECD states have included the four following subjects in their energy policies ( Adrian 1 ) : Diverseness of energy supplies Diverseness of oil imports Reduced dependance on Middle East Low oil monetary value volatility Apart from these, authoritiess are planing energy security programs that include the usage of renewable beginnings of energy chiefly because of two grounds: The negative environmental effects that fossil fuels are doing the environment The possibility of a oil and coal depletion in the approaching old ages Harmonizing to the Energy Watch Group ‘s 2007 study, entire universe proved plus likely oil militias could be between 854 billion and 1,255 billion barrels. This sum could provide universe energy demand for 30 to 40 old ages if demand growing were to halt immediatly. On the other manus, harmonizing to the US EIA 2007 overview, at the current planetary sum energy ingestion rate, there is adequate coal to supply the full planet with all of its energy for 37 old ages, presuming 0 % growing in demand. Even though the possibility of fossil fuels depletion could go true in the long tally, there is a much bigger job that we are already sing today: Global Warming. This term referes to the environmental impact caused by the inordinate combustion of fossil fuels. This consequence is believed, by several scientists, to be the consequence of a strengthening of the nursery consequence largely due to human-produced additions in atmospheric nursery gases. Harmonizing to the International Plant Protection Convention ( IPPC ) , the temperatures increased sslowly from 1900 to 2000 and could increase exponentially between 2000 and 2100. A direct effect of this temperature changes is the runing glaciers and the sea degree rise ; fluctuations in the sea degree can hold really destructive effects and alteration perceptibly the land-sea boundary. Beginning: Projections IPPC study 1995 and 2001 As a consequence of the current and future drawbacks that fossil fuels face, it is really of import that authoritiess include the usage of renewable beginnings of energy in their energy security scheme traveling frontward.1.3. AimThe present work intends to make a scheme that could vouch India ‘s energy security towards 2030 by utilizing renewable beginnings energy to carry through it. This scheme will suggest a class of action for India in the approaching old ages, finding what types of renewable energy would be economically, politically, socially and technologically executable. The first portion of the papers analyzes the current socio-economic state of affairs in India, the current energy industry in footings of supply and demand, the energy mentality towards 2030, the energy resources in the state and the different chances and jobs in the hereafter of energy in India. The 2nd portion of the papers will develop a scheme of renewable energy beginnings based on the relevant findings of the first portion.1.4. JustificationIndia is one of the four BRIC states, which is a group acronym that refers to the states of Brazil, Rusia, Indian and China that are expected to go the four most dominant economic systems by the twelvemonth 2050 as they encompass over 25 % of the universe ‘s land coverage and 40 % of the universe ‘s population and keep a combined GDP ( PPP ) of 15.435 trillion dollars [ REFERENCE ] . These four states are among the biggest and fastest turning emerging markets. With a population of around 1.1 billion, India is the universe ‘s 2nd most thickly settled state and ranks fifth in the universe in footings of primary energy ingestion, accounting for about 3.5 per cent of the universe ‘s commercial energy demand. With a GDP growing rate of around 8 % , India is presently one of the fastest turning economic systems of the universe. Even by 2001, around 44 % of house-holds did non hold entree to electricity ( Census of India, 2001 ) . The state continues to confront electricity deficits, with an overall power deficit of 8.4 % and a top outing power deficit of 12.3 % in 2005/06. Despite gradual urbanisation, around 72 % of the state ‘s population resided in rural countries in 2001. Energy demands of several families, particularly those in the rural countries, continue to be met chiefly by inefficient traditional energy signifiers like fuel wood, harvest residue, and carnal waste. These fuels are non merely inconvenient to utilize and do indoor air pollution, but besides adversely affect the wellness of adult females and kids who are exposed to the usage of these fuels. Especifically, by 2030 India is expected to go the 3rd largest planetary energy consumer, catching Japan and Russia, due to population growing and lifting income degrees ( Madan ) . At the same clip, dependance on imported energy increased from 17.85 % of Entire Primary Commercial Energy Supply ( TPCES ) in 1991 to about 30 % in 2004-05. Oil imports really accounted for 72 % of entire oil ingestion in 04-05. Almost three quarters of this proceeded from 5 states merely, all located in parts considered reasonably unstable ( Expert Committee, 2005 ) . Coal and gas imports are besides likely to increase over clip, as domestic coal production is unable to provide demand and coal supplies are likely to run out in 40 old ages. The state ‘s demands of fossil fuels are expected to achieve 337 to 462 Mt of oil, 99 to 184 Mtoe of gas and 602 to 954 Mtoe of coal ( Integrated Energy Policy 2006 ) . The International Energy Association undertakings that planetary dodo fuel supplies will increase by merely 1.7 % , intending India ‘s portion in 2030 would run from 5.8 % to 8 % for oil, 2.4 % to 4.5 % for natural gas, and 16.7 % to 26.5 % for coal ( see Figure 1 ) . Figure 3. Projections for India originate from the Planning Commission presuming a GDP growing rate of 8 % , and the universe projections are 2030 Numberss from IEA [ REFERENCE ] Additional to the big energy demand that India has, the state faces other political, market and proficient hazards that could endanger its way towards a successful energy security plan. First, wars, work stoppages or political turbulences in the exportation states could drastically cut down oil supplies for India. Second, sudden additions in oil monetary values may do rising prices, slow economic system and impose adversity on the Indian population. Last, proficient breaks or accidents could interrupt the supply of energy. The diverse challenges that India faces towards the securement of their energy demands, every bit good as the of import function that the state represents in the universe ‘s energy ingestion in the hereafter are some of the grounds that have encouraged us to set about the present work. The development of a thorough analysis to find the chief jobs in the current policy and proviso of energy in India, every bit good as a elaborate scheme to develop renewable energy beginnings to fulfill the future demand of energy for the state, are necessary to vouch the uninterrupted public assistance of the state ‘s growing and life quality of its dwellers.Chapter II: State Review2.1. General MentalityThe Republic of India is a located in South Asia, bounded by the Indian Ocean on the South, the Arabian Sea on the West, and the Bay of Bengal on the E ; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the West. It is the seventh-largest state by geographical country, the second-most thickly settled state with over 1.18 billion people, and the most thickly settled democracy in the universe. In footings of geographics, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometers and is place to the Himalayas, the planet ‘s highest mountains, which now abut India in the North and the north-east. Major Himalayan-origin rivers that well flow through India include the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal. India ‘s clime is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the monsoons. The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian Katabatic air current from blowing in, maintaining the majority of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert plays a important function in pulling the moisture-laden. The Indian economic system is the universe ‘s 11th largest economic system by nominal GDP and the 4th largest by buying power para. Since the debut of market-based economic reforms in 1991, India has become one of the fastest turning major economic systems in the universe ; nevertheless, the state continues to confront several poorness, illiteracy, corruptness and public wellness related challenges. India is classified as a freshly industrialised state and is one of the four BRIC nations. It is a atomic arms province and has the third-largest standing armed force in the universe, while its military outgo ranks tenth in the universe. India is a regional power in South Asia. India is federation with a parliamentary signifier of authorities, governed under the Constitution of India. It is a constitutional democracy and representative democracy, â€Å" in which bulk regulation is tempered by minority rights protected by jurisprudence. † It has operated under a multi-party system for most of its history. For most of the old ages since independency, the federal authorities has been led by the Indian National Congress ( INC ) . Politicss in the provinces have been dominated by national parties like the INC, the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) and assorted regional parties. From 1950 to 1990, excluding two brief periods, the INC enjoyed a parliamentary bulk.2.2. Demographics2.2.1. PopulationCurrent population, vs universe Expected Population, vs universe Growth rate Graph2.2.1. Population Densityrural V urban map of population denseness and expected2.3. EconomyThe economic system of India is the 11HYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_ ( nominal ) † thHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_ ( nominal ) † largest economic system in the universe by nominal GDP ( Gross Domestic Product ) with 3,75 trillion $ . This fact can be misdirecting in footings of dwellers ‘ wealth since the GDP per capita ( PPP ) is merely 3,100 $ ; ranking in the 163th place out of 227 states. However, India is an emerging economic power with a really big sum of homo and natural resources. The hereafter of the state ‘s economic system is predicted more than auspicious. Economists expect that India ‘s economic system will be among the taking 1s, while harmonizing to the BRIC study ( published by Goldman Sachs ) , India will be the 2nd largest economic system behind China by 2043 [ hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_India ] . Harmonizing to these anticipations, the one-year income per capital will follow a clear upward tendency for the undermentioned old ages, as depicted below:RankStateGDP – per capita ( PPP )161 Montserrat 3,400 162 Philippines 3,300163India3,100164 Mongolia 3,100 165 Vietnam 2,900 Beginning: The World FactbookYearAnnual income per capita ( ? )2006 329 2007 416 2008 468 2009 539 2010 627 2015 1,052 2020 1,132 2030 1,161 Beginning: ( inquire Julien ) Today India is a state with a developing unfastened market economic system ; nevertheless the marks of its past stiff policies still exist. This development began in the early 1990s when controls on foreign trade and investing became more flexible and helped the state speed up its growing. Since 1997 there has been a 7 % one-year growing owing economic liberalisation. As mentioned above, India ‘s economic system includes village agriculture every bit good as modern farming along with handcrafts, many modern industries and a big figure of services. Even though more than half of the work force is occupied with agribusiness, services are the major beginning of its economic growing, which is merely 1/3 of its labour, force but is accountable for more than half of India ‘s end product. India has become a major exporter of information engineering services and package due to its educated English talking population. In 2009 its one-year GDP fell to 6.5 % because of an industrial lag in 2008, which was followed by the planetary fiscal crisis. Nevertheless, India still retained the 2nd highest growing in the universe among the major economic systems. The planetary fiscal crisis did non hold a terrible impact on India ‘s growing because of the cautious banking policies and its low dependance on exports. In 2008 due to funding plan for fuel and fertilisers along with a debt release plan for husbandmans and a occupation warrant plan for rural workers India ‘s financial shortage increased well. India has still to run into some long-run challenges which include its extended poorness, the limited employment chances and its deficiency of basic and higher instruction. India ‘s turning population over the old ages will decline the societal economic and environmental jobs it faces.2.4. Energy2.4.1. Current and Future DemandIn the recent old ages, India ‘s energy ingestion has been increasing at one of the fastest rates in the universe due to population growing and economic development. Primary commercial energy demand grew at the rate of six per cent between 1981 and 2001 ( Planing Commission 2002 ) . India ranks fifth in the universe in footings of primary energy ingestion [ J1 ] , accounting for approximately 3.5 % of the universe commercial energy demand in the twelvemonth 2003. In malice of the low per capita energy ingestion degrees, and the fact that a big subdivision of population does non even hold entree to energy signifiers of equal quality and measure, India ‘s entire primary energy supply has increased from around 150 mtoe in 1970 to 438 mtoe in 2001/02. Furthermore, the portion of non-commercial energy has decreased from 59 % in 1970 to 32 % in 2001, with families switching to the cleansing agent and efficient commercial energy. Assorted estimations indicate that India would necessitate to increase its primary energy supply by at least 3 to 4 times and its electricity coevals capac-ity by 5 to 6 times of the 2003/04 degrees, by the twelvemonth 2031. The analysis based on the MARKAL theoretical account, indicates that under a 8 % GDP growing sce-nario with current programs and policies of the Government, commercial energy demands would in-crease to 2108 mtoe by 2031/32. [ J3 ] Beginning: [ J3 ] By 2031, TERI ( The Energy and Resources Institute ) estimates indicate a dependence of 78 % for coal ( over a billion metric tons ) , 93 % for oil ( ~ 700 million metric tons ) and 67 % for gas ( ~ 93 BCM ) with current estimations of future handiness of autochthonal energy.2.4.2. Use by SectorOn the demand side, the industrial sector continues to stay the largest consumer, accounting for more than 40 % of the entire commercial energy, followed by the conveyance sector. [ J3 ] Beginning: [ J3 ]2.4.3. Consumption by Type of SourceThe primary mix of India ‘s energy ingestion is about 56 % coal, 33 % oil, 8 % natural gas, with atomic and hydropower combined taking a 3 % portion. Beginning: Teri 2000-2001 Coal: Coal production increased by 2.6 % in 2001 from the old twelvemonth, making 161 million toe, or 343 million metric tons. While India exports a little sum of coal to nearby states, it has evolved into a important importer of coal as economic growing and domestic supply constriction have stimulated Indian demand for imported coal. India imported 18 million metric tons in 1999, largely coking coal, or 6 % of its coal demands. Oil: Oil production has been reasonably stable since 1995. Production in 2001 was 36 million metric tons, or 782,000 barrels per twenty-four hours. India imports about 1.3 million barrels of rough oil per twenty-four hours, or about two tierces of its petroleum oil demands. Natural Gas: Natural gas represents a turning constituent of the primary energy mix. In 2001, gas production reached 26 bcmor 23 million toe. Hydro and Nuclear: Hydropower and atomic have been lending with a minority portion of the energy mix ( up to 4 % ) . Energy Conversion: The crude oil merchandise supply has seen a encouragement since 1999 with new refinery capacity ( 10 million metric tons by terminal of 2002 ) added to the system. Sum installed power coevals capacity is 100GW, 71 % of which is generated by coal, 25 % from hydro, 3 % from atomic and 1 % from air current. ? ? ? ? ? ? ?2.4.4. EfficiencyHarmonizing to World Resources Institute ( WRI ) , India ‘s electricity grid has the highest transmittal and distribution losingss in the universe – a humongous 27 % . Numbers published by assorted Indian authorities bureaus put that figure at 30 % , 40 % and greater than 40 % . This is attributed to proficient losingss ( grid ‘s inefficiencies ) and larceny. It has been estimated that around 25,000 megawatts ( MW ) of capacity can be created through energy efficiency in the electricity sector entirely, with the maximal possible being seen in the agribusiness and industrial sectors. Therefore it is of import to look into the assorted facets that involve these inefficiencies and larcenies and follow steps to forestall them.2.4.5. Resources2.4.5.2. Non-RenewableBing a state with extremely increasing energy demands, India is presently based on conventional resources such as coal, oil and natural for power production. Coal is the primary non-renewable resource of energy in India. The state has some of the largest militias of coal in the universe ( about 209 billion tones of the known geological militias in 1999 ) [ Yiannis 6 ] . The major coal militias are located in West Bengal, Orissa, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Bihar, as it is depicted in the map: Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mapsofindia.com In footings of oil resources India is hapless and imports oil to run into its energy demands. â€Å" Oil and Gas † diary provinces that, the state had about 5.6 billion barrels of proved oil militias on January 2010 [ Yiannis 5 ] . This is the 2nd largest sum in the Asia part behind China. Harmonizing to the same diary India had about 38 trillion three-dimensional pess ( Tcf ) of proved natural gas militias at the same clip. The most of India ‘s natural gas production comes from the western offshore parts. The onshore Fieldss in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat provinces are besides major beginnings of gas production.2.4.5.2. RenewableThe term â€Å" Renewable resources † refers to those resources that get replaced by natural procedures at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of ingestion by human [ Wikipedia ] . India ‘s geographic location in the universe represents a great advantage for the development of different renewable energy beginnings. For case, energy engineerings like biomass, water-hydro, air current and solar nowadays the greatest potency. In footings of solar the state has the best resources worldwide since it is the cheery state of the universe [ 1 ] , with 260-300 clear cheery yearss per twelvemonth. It has besides one-year mean temperature runing from 25 to 27.5 A °C [ 1 ] . As shown in the map, the warmest topographic points of India are located in the south-east seashore ensuing in a strong solar potency. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mapsofindia.com The mean strength of solar radiation received on India is 200 MW/km2 [ 2 ] . Taking under consideration the land country of the state is 3,287,000A km2 from which merely the 410,907 km2 can theoretically be used for solar energy installings [ 2 ] , this leads to a sum of 8,218,140 MW. This sum of power can be used for assorted applications, from solar thermic power workss down to domestic coevals such as solar H2O warmer. Equally far as wind power is concerned India is the 5th largest manufacturer in the universe with entire power of 11,806 MW [ 3 ] . The air current power development started on 1990 and till today it follows a singular growing. In footings of air current resources and weave possible, India has strong monsoons. In summer clip cool, humid south-west air moves from the ocean towards the land, whereas in winter cool, dry air with north-east way moves the other manner around. The air current power denseness map of India given below, presents the topographic points with the strongest air current potency in the state. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/departments_wpdmap.html # The provinces of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan have amongst others really strong air current potency and the lasting installing in air current farms are shown in the tabular array [ 4 ] :StateGross Potential ( MW )Entire Capacity ( MW )Andhra Pradesh8,968 136Gujarat10,645 1,864Karnataka11,531 1,473Kerala1,171 28Madhya Pradesh1,019 229Maharashtra4,584 2,078Orissa255–Rajasthan4,858 1,088Tamil Nadu5,530 4,907Others4Entire48,56111,807Beginning: Indian Wind Energy Association ( As of March 2010 ) . Hydropower is another signifier of non-conventional energy in which India has plentifulness available resources and therefore has developed to a great extent. Hydropower is chiefly exploited through dikes, reservoirs and hydroelectric power workss, which take advantage of the river and rainfall Waterss. As it is depicted in the one-year rainfall map below, the north-eastern portion of India which includes the parts Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, and besides on the West seashore between Mumbai and Mahe are those which receive the dominant sum of rain annually. Some of the primary hydroelectric power workss utilized by India are Bihar, Punjab, Uttaranchal, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and Gujarat. Sing the sum of rainfall annually in the cardinal and South of Bangalore it is apparent that the rainfalls occur from May to November. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mapsofindia.com During these showery seasons hydro energy could be utilized. Amongst others, Small hydro ( 2 MW-30 MW ) is the most usual renewable energy beginning for energy production. In India hydro is classified into 4 other classs ( apart from Small ) , Pico ( 1 kW-10 kilowatt ) , Micro ( 10 kW-100 kilowatt ) , Mini ( 100 KW-2 MW ) . Last but non least biomass has ever been an indispensable renewable beginning in India. Bing an agricultural state, it has immense measure of biomass. Almost 32 % of the primary energy usage is produced by treating stuffs from agricultural, industrial and forest operations [ 2 ] . More specifically mush, wood, paper and manure in farm animal residues along with sugar cane bagasse are amongst others the most popular and available resources for bring forthing energy in India. The state has a potency of 19,500 MW but merely 554 MW are presently installed whereas another 536 MW are under building [ 1 ] .Renewable beginningPresently installed ( MW )Potential ( MW )Biomass 222 16,000 Bagasse by sugar 332 3,500Entire55419,500Beginning: Global Energy Network Institute ( GENI Sustainable ) To give an overview of the presently installed power from renewable beginnings and their possible harmonizing to the resources of the state, are depicted in the undermentioned tabular array:Renewable BeginningPresently Installed ( MW )Potential ( MW )Wind Power 10,242.50 45,195 Bio-power 703.30 16,881 Bagasse co-generation 1,048.73 5,000 Small hydropower 2,429.67 15,000 Energy from waste 92.97 2,700 Solar PV power 2.12 Biomass / cogenerations 170.78 Biomass gasifier 105.46Entire4,795.53Beginning: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy ( MNRE ) , March 2009 Even though India has a great sum of resources to develop renewable energy towards the possible capacity, there are besides some restrictions that constrain this potency. Some of these include proficient restrictions, thecountry ‘s economic system, the fiscal state of affairs of the dwellers and the societal accept of the proposed option beginnings for bring forthing power are some of import barriers. Particularly the fact that India has a great sum of people populating under poorness is a hinder even to the domestic development of renewable engineerings such as little PV systems applied to single houses.2.4.6. PolicyGiven the black current energy scenario and the future chances, the Government of India has put in topographic point several steps that it hopes would take to an moderation of the deficits in the state and a more even distribution of entree to energy. Some cardinal enterprises along these lines are listed below: Structural and Regulative Reforms: The oil and gas sector was one of the first sectors in which the Government tried to present a much higher degree of liberty by leting the populace sector enterprises to work as corporate entities with their ain Boardss of Directors that would pull off the companies at an arm ‘s length distance from the Government. Private Sector participa-tion in refineries was besides introduced as a consequence of which the private sector organic structure has a portion of about 30 % in India ‘s refinement capacities today. Energy Conservation Act in 2001 and the Electricity Act in 2003: In the instance of power sector, reforms were introduced in the early 1990 ‘s and, through a procedure of acquisition, India has eventually reached a phase where it has enacted the Energy Conservation Act in 2001 and the Electricity Act in 2003. The Energy Conservation Act requires the constitution of a Bureau of Energy Efficiency as a deemed statutory independent organic structure that would work towards promoting energy efficiency in the state. The Electricity Act 2003 requires the functional unbundling of former vertically incorporate province electricity boards and puts in lace regula-tory committees both at the federal and province degree. Enhanced Private Sector Participation: Private sector involvement in the oil and gas sector has built up and much more significantly than in the instance of electricity sector because it got an early start and because deformations in the instance of these sec-tors were non terrible as in the instance of electricity. Private Sector Participation in Electricity Sector: Despite several attempts towards promoting private sector engagement in electricity coevals and distribution the response from the private sector has been grossly unequal. This has mostly been because of the inability of the distribution concern to bring forth equal grosss to supply an equal return or so comfort that the services would be paid for. Once once more, larning from the past experiences and the demand to rapidly add important capacities, the Government of India launched the Ultra Mega Power Project ( UMPP ) strategy that identified seven sites for puting up large-scale power workss with each site holding a capacity of 4000 MW. Under a strategy launched by the Government called the Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana ( RGGVY ) , the Government is easing the extension of electricity substructure to rural countries through a high capi-tal subsidy but linked to the constitution of franchise distribution agreement at the local degree. [ 4 ]